# MSI RTX 3060 Ti VENTUS 2X 8G OCV1 LHR

Visualizing higher dimensions, 2.2 | Remove time from physics, 2

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Mathematics is local (left brain).

Physics is global (right brain).

— Me@2017-06-22 06:16:59 PM

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Mathematical processes, i.e. the calculations, are local.

Physical intuitions before a calculation and the interpretations after are global.

— Me@2023-01-13 07:45:24 PM

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However, in an opposite sense, physics is local and mathematics is global.

— Me@2023-01-14 08:13:17 PM

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Geometry is global.

Space is what we can see at once.

Dynamics is local.

Time is what we cannot see at once.

— Me@2017-02-07 10:11:34 PM

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… math is what you get when you remove time from physics.

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# Feynman looking

NickRandom 3 days ago | next [–]

I have been in true ‘life or death’ situations (in other words, I’m alive because others were slower or less able to draw their weapons and fire).

In those sorts of situations time truly does slow down. I replay those times endlessly in my dreams/nightmares but either way it seemed like both at the time and in my mental replaying of the events that time slowed down to a crawl.

During endless sessions with various mental health professionals it seems that people involved in car crashes have the same slowing down of time. Based on what I’ve learnt, the time differential boils down to muscle memory (much like a batter hits a fast ball) that can and does initiate a response before the brain processes the event and that the mind catches up afterwards and is able to replay the events in a somewhat coherent way.

retrac 3 days ago | parent | next [–]

I once found a loved one in grave condition, without a pulse. What followed was like a surreal movie that has its frames out of order. I remember a thought of surprise at basically flinging furniture out of the way. Very much a passenger in my body at that point. I began CPR. Muscle memory is right. I was not really conscious throughout most of it.

One of the few things that resembles a thought during the entire episode is something like “you cannot think about this right now if you do you will collapse”. A jumble of eternal instants. It dragged on. And on. And on. Eventually, very eventually, the paramedics arrived. I had another thing resembling a thought. I can collapse now. I can look away now. I have no basically no memory until the next day when I saw her, awake, in the hospital.

I know the day and time it happened. I checked the logs after. The paramedics took less than 5 minutes to arrive. But it was outside the normal linearity of my experience. It doesn’t fit between the day before and the day after. For a while, the jumbled movie would play in my head, involuntarily. I think I was trying to make sense of it, fit it in, when it really doesn’t fit. Experiences and memories I couldn’t easily process because I didn’t really experience them consciously when they occurred? Maybe something like that. It went away with time, and does not bother me these days, but descriptions of PTSD do make a lot more sense to me now.

— Richard Feynman on looking at the world from another point of view (1973)

— Hacker News

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2022.12.22 Thursday ACHK

# Light-like

Spacetime interval, 3 | How far away is tomorrow?, 2

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Any two events in a spacelike region are not causally related.

Any two events in a timelike region can be causally related.

How about two events on the boundary (light-like)?

— Me@2016-06-30 06:38:06 PM

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Their spacetime distance is zero, meaning that the communication signals/particles between the two events would have to travel at the speed of light.

In other words, the two events can only be marginally causally related.

— Me@2022-12-14 10:55:20 AM

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# Ideal clock 5

Clock time is the extreme case of event time, by considering the weighted average of all events.

— Me@2011.05.19

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# 數學時間論 4

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2022.05.04 Wednesday ACHK

# Logical arrow of time, 11

The initial microstates should be averaged, because it forms an ensemble for the initial macrostate.

Note that a macrostate is actually one particular microstate, not a collection of microstates; it is just that we don’t know which particular microstate.

But how come the final possible states should be summed over, not be averaged?

— Me@2013-08-13 05:16 PM

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a macrostate = (a microstate in) a set of macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates

— Me@2022-01-09 07:43 AM

Note that, by definition, two macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates will never separate into two distinct macrostates.

— Me@2022-04-14 05:55 PM

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The initial macrostate is with probability one, because it is already known. So the summation of the probabilities of all possible mutually exclusive initial microstates that are corresponding to that initial macrostate is one, such as

$\displaystyle{P(I_1) + P(I_2) = 1}$

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By definition, the final macrostate is not known yet. Each possible final macrostate is not with probability one.

The probability of getting a particular final macrostate from that initial macrostate is the summation of the probabilities of all possible mutually exclusive final microstates that are corresponding to that final macrostate.

$\displaystyle{P(F_1~\text{or}~F_2) = P(F_1) + P(F_2)}$

$\displaystyle{P(I\to F) = \frac{1}{N_{\text{initial}}} \sum_{ij} P(I_i \to F_j)}$

— Me@2022-04-13 01:09 PM

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The only assumptions I made are those about the addition of probabilities of assumptions and their effects – and these logical rules are fundamentally asymmetric when it comes to the role of the assumptions and their consequences. This logical arrow of time can’t be removed from any reasoning about a world that depends on time – time only copies the logical relationship of implication. And this logical arrow of time is the source of the thermodynamic arrow of time as well.

— edited Feb 2, 2011 at 15:23

— answered Jan 14, 2011 at 11:42

— Luboš Motl

— Calculation of the cross section

— Physics StackExchange

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# Remove time from physics

motohagiography on May 14, 2018 | next [–]

I once saw a fridge magnet that said “time is natures way of making sure everything doesn’t happen all at once,” and it’s stuck with me.

The concept of time not being “real,” can be useful as an exercise for modelling problems where to fully explore the problem space, you need to decouple your solutions from needing them to occur in an order or sequence.

From an engineering perspective, “removing” time means you can model problems abstractly by stepping back from a problem and asking, what are all possible states of the mechanism, then which ones are we implementing, and finally, in what order. This is different from the relatively stochastic approach most people take of “given X, what is the necessary next step to get to desired endstate.”

More simply, as a tool, time helps us apprehend the states of a system by reducing the scope of our perception of them to sets of serial, ordered phenomena.

Whether it is “real,” or an artifact of our perception is sort of immaterial when you can choose to reason about things with it, or without it. A friend once joked that math is what you get when you remove time from physics.

I look forward to the author’s new book.

— Hacker News

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2022.04.10 Sunday ACHK

# Logical arrow of time, 6.4.3

Logical arrow of time, 6.1.3

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The source of the macroscopic time asymmetry, aka the second law of thermodynamics, is the difference between prediction and retrodiction.

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In a prediction, the deduction direction is the same as the physical/observer time direction.

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In a retrodiction, the deduction direction is opposite to the physical/observer time direction.

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In other words:

In a prediction, the meta-time direction is the same as the object-time direction.

In a retrodiction, the meta-time direction is opposite to the object-time direction.

— Me@2022-02-18 06:52:27 AM

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— guess —

If a retrodiction is done by a time-opposite observer, he will see the entropy increasing. For him, he is really making a prediction.

— guess

— Me@2013-10-25 3:33 AM

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How to create a time-inverted observer?

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Just invert the retrodiction direction.

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Retrodiction to a backward-time observer is just equivalent to retrodiction-for-backward-time to a forward-time observer.

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However, retrodiction-for-backward-time is just prediction.

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In other words, retrodiction to a backward-time observer is equivalent to a prediction for a normal time direction observer.

That’s why

— guess —

If a retrodiction is done by a time-opposite observer, he will see the entropy increasing. For him, he is really making a prediction.

— guess

— Me@2013-10-25 3:33 AM

— Me@2022-02-18 06:37:59 AM

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It shouldn’t be so surprising that unitarity survives completely while causality doesn’t. After all, the basic postulates of quantum mechanics, including unitarity, the probabilistic interpretation of the amplitudes, and the linearity of the operators representing observables, seem to be universally necessary to describe physics of any system that agrees with the basic insights of the quantum revolution.

On the other hand, geometry has been downgraded into an effective, approximate, emergent aspect of reality. The metric tensor is just one among many fields in our effective field theories including gravity.

— Black hole information puzzle

— Lubos Motl

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identical particles

~ some particles are identical, except having different positions

~ some particle trajectories are indistinguishable

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trajectory indistinguishability

~ particle identity is an approximate concept

~ causality is an approximation

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spacetime is defined by causality

~ so spacetime is also an approximation

— Me@2022-02-11 12:47:14 AM

— Me@2022-02-13 03:38:35 PM

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# 程式員頭腦 15

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But while you don’t literally need math for most kinds of hacking, in the sense of knowing 1001 tricks for differentiating formulas, math is very much worth studying for its own sake. It’s a valuable source of metaphors for almost any kind of work.[3] I wish I’d studied more math in college for that reason.

[3] Eric Raymond says the best metaphors for hackers are in set theory, combinatorics, and graph theory.

— March 2005

— Paul Graham

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（安：另外，他提的另一個，有關學習數學的要點是，即使假設你在大學中，學到的數學，在日常生活中沒有用，單單是為獲取，那些嶄新的元素概念本身，就已經能夠令你有超能力；令你有一些，常人沒有的思考工具、比喻語言。）

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— Me@2022-02-13 10:46:08 AM

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physical definition

~ define the microscopic events in terms of observable physical phenomena such as the change of readings of the measuring device

~ define unobservable events in terms of observable events

— Me@2022-01-31 08:33:01 AM

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superposition

~ lack of the existence of measuring device to provide the physical definitions for the (difference between) microscopic events

— Me@2022-01-31 08:33:01 AM

— Me@2022-02-12 10:22:09 AM

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In the EPR experiment, how come the two always correlate if there are no definite states before the measurements?

When you actually know the results of your experiment, it does affect your expectations of the faraway results if there are correlations – and correlations are almost always there iff the two subsystems have interacted or been in contact in the past). — Lubos Motl

Microscopically, there is no time, in the sense that all the (past and future) quantum states have one-one correspondences. All results are deterministic. No causality violation required nor allowed. — Me@2016-10-14 07:55:48 PM

This is called quantum determinism, which may or may not be correct. But quantum determinism, even if true, is not necessary for explaining the EPR experiment, if we understand that:

1. Superposition is mathematical, not physical.

2. “Wave function collapse” is mathematical, not physical. It just means that we have to replace the wave function with another if we replace the system with another.

The system before and after the detectors activated should be regarded as two distinct systems. In other words, when you activate the detectors, you have actually replaced a system-without-detectors with a system-with-detectors.

“Wave function collapse” replaces the pure state wave function with a mixed state wave function. In other words, it replaces the pure state of superposition with a mixed state of eigenstates. In other other words, it replaces quantum probability with classical probability.

Before opening the box, the cat is not in a superposition state. Instead, it is in a mixed state.

The uncertainty is classical probability, which is due to lack of detailed knowledge, not quantum probability, which is due to lack of definition (in terms of physical phenomena difference).

— Me@2022-01-29 10:38:19 PM

— Me@2022-02-12 10:28:57 AM

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# Entropy at the Beginning of Time, 1.2

Logical arrow of time, 10.2.2

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If at the beginning, the universe had a high entropy, it was at a macrostate corresponding to many indistinguishable microstates.

That description is self-contradictory, because “two macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates” is meaningful only if they were once macroscopically distinguishable before.

That is not possible for the state(s) at the beginning of the universe, because at that moment, there was no “before”.

So it is meaningless to label the universe’s beginning macrostate as “a state corresponding to many indistinguishable microstates”.

Instead, we should label the universe’s beginning state as “a state corresponding to one single microstate”.

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For example, assume that the universe was at the macrostate $\displaystyle{A}$ at the beginning; and the $\displaystyle{A}$ is corresponding to two macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates $\displaystyle{a_1}$ and $\displaystyle{a_2}$.

Although microstates $\displaystyle{a_1}$ and $\displaystyle{a_2}$ are macroscopically-indistinguishable, we can still label them as “two” microstates, because they have 2 different histories — history paths that are macroscopically distinguishable.

However, for the beginning of the universe, there was no history. So it is meaningless to label the state as “a macrostate with two (or more) possible microstates”.

So we should label that state not only as one single macrostate but also as one single microstate.

In other words, that state’s entropy value should be defined to be zero.

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If in some special situation, it is better to label the universe’s beginning state as “a state with non-zero entropy”, that state will still have the smallest possible entropy of the universe throughout history.

So it is not possible for the universe to have “a high entropy” at the beginning.

— Me@2022-01-08 02:38 PM

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# Entropy at the Beginning of Time, 1.1

Logical arrow of time, 10.2.1

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Two distinguishable macrostates can both evolve into one indistinguishable macrostate.

— Me@2013-08-11 11:08 AM

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Note that, tautologically, any system can be at only one single macrostate at any particular time.

So the statement actually means that it is possible for two identical systems at different macrostates evolve into the same later macrostate.

— Me@2022-01-08 03:12 PM

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But the opposite is not possible. Two indistinguishable macrostates is actually, by definition, one macrostate. It cannot evolve into two distinguishable macrostates.

One single macrostate is logically impossible to be corresponding to two different possible later macrostates.

— Me@2022-01-08 01:29 PM

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If the beginning universe state had a high entropy, by definition, it was at a macroscopic state with many possible macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates.

However, if it is really the state of the universe at the beginning, it is, by definition, a single microstate, because “different microstates” is meaningful only if they were once distinguishable.

— Me@2013-08-11 01:42 PM

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a macrostate = a set of macroscopically-indistinguishable microstates

— Me@2022-01-09 07:43 AM

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The meaning of “entropy increases” is that state $\displaystyle{S_1}$ and state $\displaystyle{S_2}$ both evolve into state $\displaystyle{S_3}$.

But for the beginning of the universe, there were no multiple possible macrostates that the beginning state could be evolved from.

— Me@2013-08-11 01:44 PM

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# 時光起源

The Origin of Time

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— Me@2022-01-04 12:23:25 PM

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To form an object (an observer), the component particles cannot all always move at light speed in the same direction, for that would prevent the object as a whole from feeling time.

Anything moving at the speed of light cannot feel the passage of time. If a set of particles all moves at light speed in the same direction all the time, they cannot feel time either as individuals or as a whole; so they cannot form an “object”.

To form an object (an observer), the component particles need to interact. So some component particles need to move in other directions sometimes.

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An object requires an internal structure to exist and evolve. The component particles need to interact in order to evolve as a single identity. So different particles need to move in different directions sometimes. As a result, the component particles as a whole, aka “the object”, will move slower than light.

— Me@2021-12-08 08:09:17 AM

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# Logical arrow of time, 10

Two distinguishable macrostates can both evolve into one indistinguishable macrostate.

— Me@2013-08-11 11:08 AM

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# Visualizing higher dimensions, 2

Geometry is global.

Space is what we can see at once.

Dynamics is local.

Time is what we cannot see at once.

— Me@2017-02-07 10:11:34 PM

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If we could see, for example, several minutes at once, that several minutes would become a spatial dimension.

In other words, that dimension is visualized for us.

— Me@2017-02-03 07:31:25 AM

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# Logical arrow of time, 9.4

The second law of thermodynamics’ derivation (Ludwig Boltzmann’s H-theorem) is with respect to an observer.

How does an observer keep losing microscopic information about a system?

— Me@2017-02-12 07:37:54 PM

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This drew the objection from Loschmidt that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism: something must be wrong (Loschmidt’s paradox).

The resolution (1895) of this paradox is that the velocities of two particles after a collision are no longer truly uncorrelated. By asserting that it was acceptable to ignore these correlations in the population at times after the initial time, Boltzmann had introduced an element of time asymmetry through the formalism of his calculation.

— Wikipedia on Molecular chaos

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Physical entropy’s value is with respect to an observer.

— Me@2017-02-12 07:37:54 PM

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This “paradox” can be explained by carefully considering the definition of entropy. In particular, as concisely explained by Edwin Thompson Jaynes, definitions of entropy are arbitrary.

As a central example in Jaynes’ paper points out, one can develop a theory that treats two gases as similar even if those gases may in reality be distinguished through sufficiently detailed measurement. As long as we do not perform these detailed measurements, the theory will have no internal inconsistencies. (In other words, it does not matter that we call gases A and B by the same name if we have not yet discovered that they are distinct.) If our theory calls gases A and B the same, then entropy does not change when we mix them. If our theory calls gases A and B different, then entropy does increase when they are mixed. This insight suggests that the ideas of “thermodynamic state” and of “entropy” are somewhat subjective.

— Wikipedia on The mixing paradox

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# Logical arrow of time, 9.3

We label the time direction that we can remember as “past”.

If we could remember both time directions, we would remember infinite things, unless the future has an anti-big-bang.

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Also “remembering the future” creates a meta-dox (aka paradox).

— Me@2013-08-11 8:25 AM

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# Logical arrow of time, 9.2

To confirm or disconfirm a prediction, you cannot check record; you can only observe the system evolving.

To confirm or disconfirm a retrodiction, you can only check record (or the logical consequence of that retrodiction); you cannot observe that past event directly.

— Me@2013-08-10 08:00 PM

— Me@2021-05-03 12:28 PM

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