Matrix string theory

In physics, matrix string theory is the first known set of equations that describe superstring theory in a non-perturbatively complete and consistent framework. Type IIA string theory can be shown equivalent to a maximally supersymmetric two-dimensional gauge theory, the gauge group of which is U(N) for a large value of N.

— Wikipedia on Matrix string theory

2010.03.24 Wednesday ACHK

Grigori Perelman

Known for

Riemannian geometry and geometric topology

Notable awards

Fields Medal (2006), declined
Millennium Prize (2010), declined

Sir John Ball, president of the International Mathematical Union, approached Perelman in Saint Petersburg in June 2006 to persuade him to accept the prize. After 10 hours of persuasion over two days, he gave up. Two weeks later, Perelman summed up the conversation as: “He proposed to me three alternatives: accept and come; accept and don’t come, and we will send you the medal later; third, I don’t accept the prize. From the very beginning, I told him I have chosen the third one… [the prize] was completely irrelevant for me. Everybody understood that if the proof is correct then no other recognition is needed.

— Wikipedia on Grigori Perelman

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2010.03.24 Wednesday ACHK

心經

多次元宇宙 6

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物自身

= 物體本身

= 本體

= 如來法身

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現象

= 我們看見事件的一些方面

=(比喻成)我們看見物體的一些方面

= 投影

.

例如:一隻杯是個立體。你看到那隻杯時,其實不是那隻杯本身。你所接收到的,只是那隻杯在,你的視網膜上投影(projection)。你任何一個時間所看到的,只是那個杯的,其中一個角度(projection)。

空 = 本體

色 = 投影

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2010.02.09 2010.03.23 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Linux adoption

In January 2001 Microsoft CEO Bill Gates explained the attraction of adopting Linux, in an internal memo that was released in the Comes vs Microsoft case. He said:

“ Our most potent Operating System competitor is Linux and the phenomena around Open Source and free software. The same phenomena fuels competitors to all of our products. The ease of picking up Linux to learn it or to modify some piece of it is very attractive. The academic community, start up companies, foreign governments and many other constituencies are putting their best work into Linux. ”

— Wikipedia on Linux adoption

2010.03.23 Tuesday ACHK

Live forever!

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He attributes his lifelong habit of writing every day to an incident in 1932 when a carnival entertainer, Mr. Electrico, touched him on the nose with an electrified sword, made his hair stand on end, and shouted, “Live forever!” It was from then that Bradbury wanted to live forever and decided his career as an author in order to do what he was told: live forever. It was at that age that Bradbury first started to do magic. Magic was his first great love. If he had not discovered writing, he would have become a magician.

— Wikipedia on Ray Bradbury

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2010.03.23 Tuesday ACHK

無足夠資料 4

Past papers 11

“Past papers” means “past HKCEE/HKAL examination papers”. The topic is for Hong Kong students who are facing HKCEE or HKAL. But the general principles can also be used for tackling other public examinations.

這段改篇自2010年 1 月 3 日的對話。

「你的 physics 老師根本沒有教內容。」

「起碼你知道你 physics 讀得不好,都不是你自己的問題,而是你的 physics 老師失職。」

你要記住,如果沒有足夠資料,一個人多聰明也沒有用。

例如,即使你是烹飪天才,如果你沒有足夠的食物材料,你也沒有辦法煮到美味的菜色。

同理,即使你是 physics(物理)天才,如果你沒有足夠的 physics 資料的話,你多努力去思考 physics 問題,也沒有用。

你的 physics 老師根本沒有教內容,沒有給你足夠資料。所以,你 physics 讀得不好,不是你自己的問題,而是你的 physics 老師失職。

— Me@2010.03.22

2010.03.22 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Homomorphism

In abstract algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures (such as groups, rings, or vector spaces). The word homomorphism comes from the Greek language: (homos) meaning “same” and (morphe) meaning “shape”.

— Wikipedia on Homomorphism

2010.03.22 Monday ACHK

空即是色

多次元宇宙 5

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(安:色即是空,即是話「現象『即是』本體」。

「空性」是指,物體本身的本性為「空」; 意思是,因為「本體」不能直接被觀察到,我們只能透過「現象」,去觀察「本體」。

雖然「本體」是客觀存在的,但是因為「現象」是不斷演化,我們透過「現象」,去觀察「本體」時,並不能直接觀察到,「本體」的固定性質。所以,相對於我們來說,「本體」所引起的「現象」,性質為「空」。

『本體』所引起『現象』的性質為『空』

化簡為

『本體』的性質為『空』

然後,再化簡為

性『空』

所以,「空」這個字,就用來代表「本體」。

而「色」這個字,就用來代表「現象」,因為「現象」是,我們對「本體」的感官知覺。)

.

正如當我看到一隻杯時,並不是直接觀察到,那隻杯的「本身」,因為我並不能一次過,觀察到那隻杯的「整體」。我每次觀察到的,只是那隻杯的某個角度,投射在我視網膜上的平面影像。在任何一個角度觀察到的「投影」,都不是那隻杯「本身」。在不同角度看,就會有不同的「投影」。所以「投影」本身,並不是客觀的,而是隨著不同觀點(觀察角度)而變化。

雖然「杯本身」是客觀存在的,但是因為「投影」隨著,轉換觀點而變化,我們透過「投影」,去觀察「杯本身」時,並不能直接觀察到,「杯本身」的固定性質。所以相對於我們來說,「杯本身」所引起的「投影」,性質為「空」。

『杯本身』所引起『投影』的性質為『空』

化簡為

『杯』的性質為『空』

然後,再化簡為

性『空』

所以,「空」這個字,就用來代表「杯本身」。

而「色」這個字,就用來代表「投影」,因為「投影」是,我們對「杯本身」的感官知覺——在視網膜上的顏影像。

— Me@2010.03.21

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2010.03.21 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Upgrade path

Somewhere in the course of doing Viaweb, someone gave me a very useful piece of advice: users always want an upgrade path, even though as a rule they’ll never take it. Rtml was our upgrade path. If you wanted to, you could get absolute control over everything on your pages.

— Lisp in Web-Based Applications, Paul Graham

2010.03.21 Sunday ACHK

Html | Lisp

One way we used macros was to generate Html. There is a very natural fit between macros and Html, because Html is a prefix notation like Lisp, and Html is recursive like Lisp. So we had macro calls within macro calls, generating the most complicated Html, and it was all still very manageable.

— Lisp in Web-Based Applications, Paul Graham

2010.03.20 Saturday ACHK

Memento

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Memento is a 2000 psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, adapted from his younger brother Jonathan’s short story “Memento Mori”. It stars Guy Pearce as Leonard Shelby, a man with anterograde amnesia which renders his brain unable to store new memories.

This film is often used to show the distinction between plot and story. The film’s events unfold in two separate, alternating narratives—one in color, and the other in black and white. The black and white sections are told in chronological order, showing Leonard conversing with an anonymous phone caller in a motel room. Leonard’s investigation is depicted in color sequences that are in reverse chronological order. As each sequence begins, the spectator is unaware of the preceding events, just like Leonard, thereby giving the viewer a sense of his confusion. By the film’s end when the two narratives converge we understand the investigation and the events that lead up to the death of Teddy.

— Wikipedia on Memento (film)

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2010.03.20 Saturday ACHK

天人天書

無足夠資料 3

Past papers 10

“Past papers” means “past HKCEE/HKAL examination papers”. The topic is for Hong Kong students who are facing HKCEE or HKAL. But the general principles can also be used for tackling other public examinations.

這段改篇自2010年 1 月 3 日的對話。

「你的 physics 老師根本沒有教內容。」

「起碼你知道你 physics 讀得不好,都不是你自己的問題,而是你的 physics 老師失職。」

(不只指 physics 科,)自己讀極也讀得不好,往往不是自己的問題,而是老師或教科書作者的問題。

我因為不知這個要點,錯怪自己,前後總共浪費了六年的時間。一生人,有多少個六年呢?

你要記住這一點,千萬不要胡亂怪責自己而對自己說:「讀極也讀得不好,一定是因為我自己愚蠢。」

我以前有學生就是這樣,智力健康正常,卻反復說自己很愚蠢。原因是她當時花了很大的努力,physics 科的成績仍然很差。所以我要不斷提醒她:「你只是無知,不是愚蠢。『無知』的意思是,你沒有足夠知識。所以,只要我把必須的知識教給你,你的成績自然會好。」幸好,她最後也明白我的意思,不再誤解自己,說自己愚蠢。

某一科的成績差,有兩個可能的原因,一個是無知,一個是愚蠢。

無知不等於愚蠢。

「無知」的意思是,沒有足夠資料。解決無知的方法是,先收集足夠資料;「愚蠢」的意思是,即使有足夠資料,也沒有能力作出正確的判斷。解決愚蠢的方法是,轉換科目。

大部分人成績差的原因是無知,不是愚蠢。

知道這點有什麼好處呢?

當你發覺某一科的成績差時,自己起碼知道原因未必是自己愚蠢,更大的可能性是,自己對該科無知。那樣,你自然有動力繼續努力,透過收集足夠資料來解決「無知」的問題。

單憑一己之力去收集足夠資料的話,時間的成本太高。所以要在合理時間內,收集到足夠資料的話,一定要找「好老師(天人)」和「好課本(天書)」。因為「天書」和「天人」世間少有,通常都不會自己自然遇到他們,所以一定要自己主動去尋找。

雖然要找到「天人」和「天書」並不容易,但是只要給你找到一個或一本,他或它就自然會「引薦」其他「天人天書」給你。

— Me@2010.03.19

2010.03.19 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Object-oriented programming

# Paul Graham has suggested that the purpose of OOP is to act as a “herding mechanism” which keeps mediocre programmers in mediocre organizations from “doing too much damage”. This is at the expense of slowing down productive programmers who know how to use more powerful and more compact techniques.

— Wikipedia on Object-oriented programming

2010.03.19 Friday ACHK

Harvey Dent 3

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Sequel

On March 10, 2010, Nolan confirmed his involvement with a sequel and gave some information regarding the story. The next Batman film will be Nolan’s last and a conclusion to the story. Nolan says, “Without getting into specifics, the key thing that makes the third film a great possibility for us is that we want to finish our story. And in viewing it as the finishing of a story rather than infinitely blowing up the balloon and expanding the story . . . I’m very excited about the end of the film, the conclusion, and what we’ve done with the characters. My brother has come up with some pretty exciting stuff. Unlike the comics, these things don’t go on forever in film and viewing it as a story with an end is useful. Viewing it as an ending, that sets you very much on the right track about the appropriate conclusion and the essence of what tale we’re telling. And it hearkens back to that priority of trying to find the reality in these fantastic stories. That’s what we do.” Nolan has also confirmed that Jonathan Nolan is writing the script and that the villain of the film “won’t be Mr. Freeze.”

— Wikipedia on The Dark Knight (film)

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2010.03.19 Friday ACHK

色即是空

多次元宇宙 4

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上次我們是說「本體」與「現象」。你可不可以「重新下載」,有關「本體」與「現象」的內容?

(安:好似有少少印象 ……)

上次(幾年前)我們討論「色即是空,空即是色」。你又說二千多年前,古人在沒有我們,現今思考工具的情況下,都仍然可以洞察到,這麼深刻的道理;你十分佩服,古人的功力。我們現今有,什麼思考工具呢?

我們有的其中一個,思考工具是

『本體』就對應於,一件物件本身(object itself);『現象』就對應於,該物件的投影(projections)。

而我們每人的 point of view(觀點/視角),就是其中一個 projection。因為世界有很多人,每人有自己的 point of view,所以總共有很多,不同的 points of view。

(安:好似有點印象 …… 我有想過「不同的 projections 可不可以加在一起?」)

不同的 projections 加在一起 …… 那又怎樣?

(安:「本體」是 object itself ,而「現象」就是(比喻成)projections ……)

是。

(安:色即是空,即是話「現象『即是』本體」。

「空性」是指,物體本身的本性為「空」; 意思是,因為「本體」不能直接被觀察到,我們只能透過「現象」,去觀察「本體」。

雖然「本體」是客觀存在的,但是因為「現象」是不斷演化,我們透過「現象」,去觀察「本體」時,並不能直接觀察到,「本體」的固定性質。所以,相對於我們來說,「本體」所引起的「現象」,性質為「空」。

『本體』所引起『現象』的性質為『空』

化簡為

『本體』的性質為『空』

然後,再化簡為

性『空』

所以,「空」這個字,就用來代表「本體」。)

正如當我看到一隻杯時,並不是直接觀察到,那隻杯的「本身」,因為我並不能一次過,觀察到那隻杯的「整體」。我每次觀察到的,只是那隻杯的某個角度,投射在我視網膜上的平面影像。在任何一個角度觀察到的「投影」,都不是那隻杯「本身」。在不同角度看,就會有不同的「投影」。所以「投影」本身,並不是客觀的,而是隨著不同觀點(觀察角度)而變化。

雖然「杯本身」是客觀存在的,但是因為「投影」隨著,轉換觀點而變化,我們透過「投影」,去觀察「杯本身」時,並不能直接觀察到,「杯本身」的固定性質。所以相對於我們來說,「杯本身」所引起的「投影」,性質為「空」。

『杯本身』所引起『投影』的性質為『空』

化簡為

『杯』的性質為『空』」

然後,再化簡為

性『空』

所以,「空」這個字,就用來代表「杯本身」。

— Me@2010.03.18

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2010.03.18 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Anthropic principle

The nucleosynthesis of carbon-12

Fred Hoyle invoked anthropic reasoning to make a remarkable prediction of an astrophysical phenomenon. He reasoned from the prevalence on earth of life forms whose chemistry was based on carbon-12 atoms, that there must be an undiscovered resonance in the carbon-12 nucleus facilitating its synthesis in stellar interiors via the triple-alpha process. He then calculated the energy of this undiscovered resonance to be 7.6 million electron-volts.[39][40] Willie Fowler’s research group soon found this resonance, and its measured energy was close to Hoyle’s prediction.

— Wikipedia on Anthropic principle

It is deduction from the results, not the prediction from the so-called “principle”.

— Me@2010.03.17

2010.03.18 Thursday ACHK

浮水

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學游水的第一件事是學浮水:要相信當你放鬆時,水會承托起自己。

— 1998.09.29 水運會,馮定華神父

— Diary, Me@2000.05.03

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2010.03.18 Thursday copyright ACHK

自我實現預言

無足夠資料 2

Past papers 9

“Past papers” means “past HKCEE/HKAL examination papers”. The topic is for Hong Kong students who are facing HKCEE or HKAL. But the general principles can also be used for tackling other public examinations.

這段改篇自2010年 1 月 3 日的對話。

Me: 我的意思是,你的 pure maths 老師有沒有教實質內容?

KYH: 有 …

Me: 分別就在這裡! 一個有教實質內容,一個沒有教實質內容。根據你的說法,你的 physics 老師根本沒有教內容。

KYH: 我覺得是。他只是跟課文講一講就算。

Me: 所以就是說,即使你的 pure maths 老師都是教得不太好,不夠詳細,但是他起碼有教內容,起碼有教第一層基本功。所以主要問題是這個,而不是你有沒有 physics 天份的問題。當然,我現在講可能會太遲,因為距離考試只有三、四個月。你這麼遲才知道這點,想百分百補救是不可能的。你現在補救的話,大概只能拿到 B 級,拿不到 A 級成績。但是起碼你知道你 physics 讀得不好,都不是你自己的問題,而是你的 physics 老師失職。

你在這次高考後,還會繼續讀書,在大學修讀很多科目,遇到很多不同的老師。到那時,還會遇到這類「讀極也不明白」的問題。記住千萬不要胡亂怪責自己,說什麼「自己的天份不夠」。因為,在我今日講這番說話之前,你在還在胡思亂想:「一定是我有數學天份,但是沒有物理天份,所以 pure maths 可以讀明白,physics 讀極才不明白。」這類想法很危險。

有些預言,是和預言本身無關的。例如,即使我預言「明天會下雨」,都不會導致明天下雨。即使明天真的下雨,也不是我的預言所引起的。但是,有另一類預言,叫做「自我實現預言」。例如,我認為「我的物理沒有天份」。這個預言會令我沒有心機做練習。練習不足,會導致我的物理成績差。那就「印證」了「我沒有物理天份」這個預言。又例如,當大家都覺得「股市將會崩潰」,大家就會大量低價拋售自己手上的股票,導致股市真的崩潰。

這就是「自我實現預言」可怕的地方。負面的「自我實現預言」,會帶你步向惡性循環,甚至萬劫不復之地。所以,一定要做好防備,不要輕易產生負面的「自我實現預言」。

— Me@2010.03.15

2010.03.17 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK