# Unitarity (physics)

Unitarity means that if a future state, F, of a system is unique, the corresponding past point, P,  is also unique, provided that there is no information lost on the transition from P to F.

— Me@2019-05-22 11:06:48 PM

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In quantum physics, unitarity means that the future point is unique, and the past point is unique. If no information gets lost on the transition from one configuration to another[,] it is unique. If a law exists on how to go forward, one can find a reverse law to it.[1] It is a restriction on the allowed evolution of quantum systems that ensures the sum of probabilities of all possible outcomes of any event always equals 1.

Since unitarity of a theory is necessary for its consistency (it is a very natural assumption, although recently questioned[2]), the term is sometimes also used as a synonym for consistency, and is sometimes used for other necessary conditions for consistency, especially the condition that the Hamiltonian is bounded from below. This means that there is a state of minimal energy (called the ground state or vacuum state). This is needed for the third law of thermodynamics to hold.

— Wikipedia on Unitarity (physics)

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# Free

So long as a man can look into the eyes of his oppressor, he is free.

— Me and the Big Guy

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2019.05.18 Saturday ACHK

# PhD, 3.7.1

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（問：根據你的講法，好像大部分情況下，都不應該讀研究院似的。）

（問：為什麼不講實際情況，而要講理想情況。講理想情況，即是脫離現實、執行不到。那不是浪費時間嗎？）

（問：但是，現實可能同理想，相差「十萬八千里」。）

（問：那麼小的進步，又有什麼用呢？）

（問：那樣，你心目中的理想情況是什麼？）

— Me@2019-05-18 03:14:02 PM

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# The Principle of Stationary Action

Varying the action

$\displaystyle{S[q](t_1, t_2) = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} L \circ \Gamma[q]}$

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The Principle of Stationary Action

$\displaystyle{\delta_\eta S[q] (t_1, t_2) = 0}$

$\delta_\eta S[q] (t_1, t_2) = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \delta_\eta L \circ \Gamma[q]$

— Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics

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2019.05.13 Monday ACHK

# Multiverse

A physics statement is meaningful only if it is with respect to an observer. So the many-world theory is meaningless.

— Me@2018-08-31 12:55:54 PM

— Me@2019-05-11 09:41:55 PM

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Answer me the following yes/no question:

In your multi-universe theory, is it possible, at least in principle, for an observer in one universe to interact with any of the other universes?

If no, then it is equivalent to say that those other universes do not exist.

If yes, then those other universes are not “other” universes at all, but actually just other parts of the same universe.

— Me@2019-05-11 09:43:40 PM

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# In Search of Lost Time, 4

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You can’t change the beginning, but you can change the ending.

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You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.

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2019.05.11 Saturday ACHK

# 追憶逝水年華, 3

In Search of Lost Time, 3 | （反對）開夜車 3.1 | 止蝕 4

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1. 只要每晚睡少四小時，就每晚可以多四小時溫習。

2. 只要每晚可以多四小時溫習，就可以追回之前，落後了的進度。

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— Me@2019-05-09 10:04:55 PM

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# Physical laws are low-energy approximations to reality, 1.3.2

QCD, Maxwell, Dirac equation, spin wave excitation, superconductivity, …

~ low energy physics

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symmetry breaking

$\displaystyle{\downarrow}$

local minimum

$\displaystyle{\downarrow}$

simple physics

— Me@2019-05-06 11:12:02 PM

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# Ex 1.8 Implementation of $\delta$

\displaystyle{ \begin{aligned} \delta_\eta f[q] &= \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left( \frac{f[q+\epsilon \eta]-f[q]}{\epsilon} \right) \\ \end{aligned}}

The variation may be represented in terms of a derivative.

— Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics

\displaystyle{ \begin{aligned} g( \epsilon ) &= f[q + \epsilon \eta] \\ \delta_\eta f[q] &= \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left( \frac{g(\epsilon) - g(0)}{\epsilon} \right) \\ &= D g(0) \\ \end{aligned}}

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A lambda expression evaluates to a procedure. The environment in effect when the lambda expression is evaluated is remembered as part of the procedure; it is called the closing environment.

— Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics

(define (((delta eta) f) q)
(let ((g (lambda (epsilon) (f (+ q (* epsilon eta))))))
((D g) 0)))


— Me@2019-05-05 10:47:46 PM

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# Classical probability, 7

Classical probability is macroscopic superposition.

— Me@2012.04.23

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That is not correct, except in some special senses.

— Me@2019-05-02

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That is not correct, if the “superposition” means quantum superposition.

— Me@2019-05-03 08:44:11 PM

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The difference of the classical probability and quantum probability is the difference of a mixed state and a pure superposition state.

In classical probability, the relationship between mutually exclusive possible measurement results, before measurement, is OR.

In quantum probability, if the quantum system is in quantum superposition, the relationship between mutually exclusive possible measurement results, before measurement, is neither OR nor AND.

— Me@2019-05-03 06:04:27 PM

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# Forget oneself

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~ the state of releasing yourself

~ to let god take control of you

— Me@2009.07.25

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# PhD, 3.6

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— Me@2019-04-30 11:22:05 PM

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