Imaginary mass

Complex mass and decay rate

The mass of an unstable particle is formally a complex number, with the real part being its mass in the usual sense, and the imaginary part being its decay rate in natural units.

When the imaginary part is large compared to the real part, the particle is usually thought of as a resonance more than a particle.

For a particle of mass , the particle can travel for time 1/M, but decays after time of order of . If > M then the particle usually decays before it completes its travel.

— Wikipedia on Particle decay

2012.09.11 Tuesday ACHK

無限年

蘋果 與 Apple, 1.2 | Electric Field and Electric Potential, 1.2 | 物理語言 1.2

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 9 日的對話。

你在讀數學和物理時遇到的困難,有時,其實不是「數學問題」或者「物理問題」,而是「語言問題」。

例如,如果我不跟你說,「electric field」(電場)和「electric potential」(電勢),其實是描述同一類物理現象的兩種不同語言,你可能一直會以為,它們是兩種不同的東西,繼而反覆思考它們的關係,庸人自擾一番。

所以,下次在 數學、物理 或 其他科 遇到疑惑時,你要知道,那很大機會是「語言問題」。只要把相關問題的重要字眼釐清,難題的神秘感往往會自然消失。

又例如,讀「微積分」時,「無限」好像十分驚嚇。其實,並不是真的有一樣東西,或者一個數字,叫做「無限」。它只是一個語言的技巧,說話的方法。每逢我們說「無限」時,即是沒有那樣東西。

例如,甲問乙:「你欠我的錢,什麼時候會歸還呢?」

乙答:「無限年之後。」

乙的意思,並不是真的有一個時間長度,叫做「無限年」。他等「無限年」之後,會把錢還給甲。乙的真正意思是,他不肯還錢。

再例如,「無人跑得快過我」,並不是指有一個人名叫「無人」,他跑得快過我。「無人」只是一種說話的方法。「無人跑得快過我」的真正意思是,「我是所有人之中,跑得最快的。」

— Me@2012.09.10

2012.09.10 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

香港科技, 2

這段改編自 2010 年 3 月 27 日的對話。

美國 Silicon Valley(矽谷)的 intellectual power(才智實力),其實是建基於 科學、科技 和 科幻 的文化。而這類文化,是累積多年而得來的,而不是只靠大量金錢,在短短幾年間,就可以得到。

James C. Collins 在他的《Good to Great》中,用了 flywheel(飛輪)作比喻。香港見到矽谷的飛輪轉得很快,於是買了一個飛輪回來,企圖聘請很多「大力士」把它轉動至高速。殊不知,即使有很多「大力士」,飛輪都是極之難轉,加速得奇慢。別人的飛輪可以轉得那樣快,是因為別人的「大力士」,已為飛輪加速了幾十年。

— Me@2012.09.08

The Flywheel: The additive effect of many small initiatives; they act on each other like compound interest.

— Wikipedia on Good to Great

2012.09.08 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Quantum Mechanics

In my current opinion, each of the three alternative dynamical equations

  •     equation for the density matrix
  •     Heisenberg equations for the operators
  •     Feynman’s path integral

is more pedagogical when it comes to the understanding of the actual relationship between quantum mechanics and classical physics.

— Density matrix and its classical counterpart

— Lubos Motl

2012.09.08 Saturday ACHK

蘋果 與 Apple, 2.3

Electric Field and Electric Potential, 2.3 | 物理語言 2.3

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 9 日的對話。

但是,表示 electric field(電場)時,如果真的在空間上的每一點,也畫一支箭的話,會十分麻煩。而且,那些箭會互相重疊,令你看不清楚每一支箭的長度。不知道箭的長度,就即是不知道空間上每一點,對應的 electric field 強度。

所以,物理學家把原本「箭的長度,代表乙所感受到的力的大小;箭的方向,代表力的方向」的計劃,修改了一點。現在,所有箭也是無限長,稱為 electric field lines 電力場線,或者「電力線」。箭的方向,仍然代表電荷乙所感受到的力的方向。而力的大小,則改為以 electric field lines 的密度來代表。

This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

— Me@2012.09.07

2012.09.07 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Audiosurf

Audiosurf is a puzzle/rhythm hybrid game created by Invisible Handlebar, a personal company created by Dylan Fitterer. Its track-like stages visually mimic the music the player chooses, while the player races across several lanes collecting colored blocks that appear in sync with the music.

— Wikipedia on Audiosurf

2012.09.06 Thursday ACHK

裝睡的人

它要塑造的,不是鐵屋中沉睡的人,而是裝睡的人。

因為,沉睡的人,你總有辦法去喚醒。

但是,你永遠沒有辦法喚醒一個裝睡的人!

— 胡清心

2012.09.06 Thursday ACHK

香港科技

這段改編自 2010 年 3 月 27 日的對話。

(安:你覺得香港有什麼主要的問題?)

很少人對 intellectual(智性)的東西有興趣。當然,其他地方的人都可能是那樣。這大概是整個地球的問題。

— Me@2012.09.06

2012.09.06 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Planck units, 2

However, most Planck units are many orders of magnitude too large or too small to be of any practical use, so that Planck units as a system are really only relevant to theoretical physics. In fact, 1 Planck unit is often the largest or smallest value of a physical quantity that makes sense according to our current understanding.

For example:

  • A speed of 1 Planck length per Planck time is the speed of light in a vacuum, the maximum possible speed in special relativity;
  • Our understanding of the Big Bang begins with the Planck Epoch, when the universe was 1 Planck time old and 1 Planck length in diameter, and had a Planck temperature of 1. At that moment, quantum theory as presently understood becomes applicable. Understanding the universe when it was less than 1 Planck time old requires a theory of quantum gravity that would incorporate quantum effects into general relativity. Such a theory does not yet exist;   
  • At a Planck temperature of 1, all symmetries broken since the early Big Bang would be restored, and the four fundamental forces of contemporary physical theory would become one force.

— Wikipedia on Planck units

   
   
2012.09.05 Wednesday ACHK

地獄篇 4

So that is what hell is. I would never have believed it. You remember: the fire and brimstone, the torture. Ah! the farce. There is no need for torture: Hell is other people.

— Garcin, Act 1, sc. 5

— No Exit (1944)

— Jean-Paul Sartre

.

Heaven is also other people.

— Me@2012-09-05 10:30:44 AM

.

.

2012.09.05 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

蘋果 與 Apple, 2.2

Electric Field and Electric Potential, 2.2 | 物理語言 2.2

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 9 日的對話。

空間上,每一點有一個數字,就為之有一個「field」。例如,這兒的空間有溫度。這一點是 26 度、那一點是 27 度、另一點是 26.5 度 等等。你發覺在這兒空間上的每一點,都可以標籤一個數字,用來代表溫度。所以我們說,這裡有一個 temperature field(溫度場)。 

溫度是 scalar(純量)還是 vector(向量)?

溫度是 scalar。溫度只是用數字來代表,沒有所謂方向。所以,我們亦可以說,這裡有一個 temperature scalar field。

如果我們放一粒 electric charge(電荷)在這兒,為什麼我們會說,它的周圍會形成一個 electric field(電場)呢?

假設原本的 electric charge 叫做「甲」。如果我們放另一粒 electric charge(電荷乙)在甲附近的任何一點,乙都會感受到一個 force(力)。(至於是吸力或斥力,則要視乎甲乙是同性還是異性。)在這一點,乙會感受到 26N 的力;在那一點,則感受到 27N;另一點是 26.5N 等等。你發覺在甲附近空間上的每一點,都可以標籤一個數字,用來代表力的強度。所以我們說,這裡有一個 force field(力場)。 

由於這個 force field 是由 electric charge 引起的,所以這個 field 又稱為 electric force field(電力場)。另外,要表示 force(力),單單用數字是不足夠的,因為力除了有大小外,還有方向。所以,「force field」的意思,不單是指空間上的每一點有一個數字,而且指每一點有一支箭。箭的長度,代表乙所感受到的力的大小;箭的方向,代表力的方向。換句話說,力是 vector(向量)。所以我們說,電荷甲的周圍,有一個 electric force vector field(電力向量場),簡稱 electric field(電場)。

This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

— Me@2012.09.04

2012.09.04 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Logical implication

Entailment [logical implication] vs material implication

The difference between material implication and entailment is that they apply in different contexts. The first is a statement of logic, the second of metalogic. If p and q are two sentences then the difference between “p implies q” and “p is a proof of q” is that the first is a statement within formal logic, the second is a statement about it. Entailment is a concept of proof theory, whereas material implication is the mechanics of a proof.

— Wikipedia on Entailment

2012.09.03 Monday ACHK 

版權地獄

這段改編自 2010 年 3 月 27 日的對話。

作家 John T. Reed 出過一本書,叫做《How To Write, Publish, and Sell Your Own How-To Book》(如何靠編寫和出版工具書為生)。書中的其中一個要點是,要出版書籍的話,就應該自己出版,而不應透過出版社。靠出版社出書的最大問題是,你心血結晶作品的版權,將會屬於出版社。

John T. Reed 說,他有一個朋友(甲),寫了一本工具書《甲書》,透過出版社(乙)出版。後來甲想為《甲書》更新,編寫第二版(《甲書二》)。不幸,因為甲和出版社意見不合,出版社不肯出版《甲書二》。於是,甲想找另一間出版社,又或者自資出版。

但是,因為《甲書》版權歸乙所有,甲沒有權力出版《甲書二》。甲唯有放棄修訂和更新《甲書》的大計。結果,《甲書》既會絕版,因為它的內容會過時;又會絕後,因為它不會有新版。

(安:香港都有類似的事件。早前「博益出版」結業,初時沒有把書籍版權,歸還給作者們,導致那些書籍,幾乎從此絕版絕後,在這個宇宙中,永恆地消失。幸好事件最終圓滿解決。)

— Me@2012.09.02

2012.09.02 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Planck units

Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, these units are also known as natural units because the origin of their definition comes only from properties of nature and not from any human construct. Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems, but are considered unique in that these units are not based on properties of any prototype object, or particle (that would be arbitrarily chosen) but are based only on properties of free space.

— Wikipedia on Planck units

2012.09.01 Saturday ACHK

Push-ups

Being able to do more push-ups doesn’t mean that you can endure more pain. Instead, it means you have stronger muscles so that you can feel less pain for the original number of push-ups.

— Me@2011.09.05

2012.09.01 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

蘋果 與 Apple, 2.1

Electric Field and Electric Potential, 2.1

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 9 日的對話。

「Field」(場)貌似是一個抽象的概念。實質可以很簡單容易。究竟什麼是「field」(場)呢?

空間上,每一點有一個數字,就為之有一個「field」。例如,這兒的空間有溫度。這一點是 26 度、那一點是 27 度、另一點是 26.5 度 等等。你發覺在這兒空間上的每一點,都可以標籤一個數字,用來代表溫度。所以我們說,這裡有一個 temperature field(溫度場)。 

— Me@2012.09.01

2012.09.01 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK