考試占卜

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 15 日的對話。

那你又不應太緊張。不安是因為不知道自己將會考成怎樣。但是,如果你跟足我提議的,「計時間計分數」做 past paper(歷屆試題)的系統,你就會在考試前,事先知道自己,會奪得大概多少分數。那樣,你的心情自然會穩定得多。

例如,如果考試前所做的那幾份 past papers,每道長題目的 d 部分,通常也完成不到,你就可以預計到,一分面,你不會奪得最高等級的成績;另一方面,你亦不會奪得太差等級的成績,因為除了長題目的最尾一部分外,其他題目部分你都可應付自如。

那樣,你的緊張不安自然減到最小,因為,一分面,你不會有不合理的期望;另一分面,你亦不會有不實際的擔憂。

— Me@2013.03.16

2013.03.17 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Uncertainty principle, 6.1

The quantum uncertainty that the uncertainty principle refers to is not due to the observer effect in the sense that the uncertainty is not due to the disturbances caused by any measurements on a system. The uncertainty principle is about the intrinsic statistical properties of the system.

For one single measurement, or even one single system, you cannot talk about the quantum uncertainty. The uncertainty principle is about the statistical patterns of a lot of identical measurements on a lot of systems which are all identical to the single system you are observing.

— Me@2013-03-11 3:40 PM

2013.03.14 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

The Feynman Lectures on Physics

This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons.

The Feynman Lectures on Physics is a 1964 physics textbook by Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, based upon the lectures given by Feynman to undergraduate students at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1961–1963.

The Feynman Lectures are considered to be one of the best and most sophisticated college level introductions to physics. Feynman, himself, however, stated, in his original preface, that he was “pessimistic” with regard to the success with which he reached all of his students. The Feynman lectures were written “to maintain the interest of very enthusiastic and rather smart students coming out of high schools and into Caltech.” Feynman was targeting the lectures to students who, “at the end of two years of our previous course, [were] very discouraged because there were really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them.” As a result, some physics students find the lectures more valuable after they obtain a good grasp of physics by studying more traditional texts. Many professional physicists refer to the lectures at various points in their careers to refresh their minds with regard to basic principles.

As the two-year course (1961–1963) was still being completed, rumor of it spread throughout the physics community. In a special preface to the 1989 edition, David Goodstein and Gerry Neugebauer claim that as time went on, the attendance of registered students dropped sharply but was matched by a compensating increase in the number of faculty and graduate students. Sands, in his memoir accompanying the 2005 edition, contests this claim. Goodstein and Neugebauer also state that, “it was [Feynman’s] peers — scientists, physicists, and professors — who would be the main beneficiaries of his magnificent achievement, which was nothing less than to see physics through the fresh and dynamic perspective of Richard Feynman,” and that his “gift was that he was an extraordinary teacher of teachers”.

— Wikipedia on The Feynman Lectures on Physics

2013.03.13 Wednesday ACHK

Hardware and Software, 2

Live forever!

.

He attributes his lifelong habit of writing every day to an incident in 1932 when a carnival entertainer, Mr. Electrico, touched him on the nose with an electrified sword, made his hair stand on end, and shouted, “Live forever!” It was from then that Bradbury wanted to live forever and decided his career as an author in order to do what he was told: live forever.

– Wikipedia on Ray Bradbury

.

.

.

2010.03.23 Tuesday ACHK

拆解題目

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 15 日的對話。

有時,一道題目所考的要點,可能各自也不難。但是,因為一次過考你(例如)十個要點,即使個別要點原本不難,那道題目都會變成深奧難解。

你要做的,就是平時溫習時,事先拆解題目要點出來,儲存於「魔法筆記」之中,反覆背誦。那樣,在考試時,那些「深題目」,就會自動還原成「淺要點」。

— Me@2013.03.12

2013.03.12 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Topology

Topology is an important branch of mathematics that studies all the “qualitative” or “discrete” properties of continuous objects such as manifolds, i.e. all the properties that aren’t changed by any continuous transformations except for the singular (infinitely extreme) ones.

— Euler characteristic

— Lubos Motl

2013.03.12 Tuesday ACHK

維繫感情

解決問題

.

人生, 是一個解決問題的過程;

感情, 是一段共同解決問題的經歷.

當兩人再沒有共同解決問題時,
感情就會漸漸消失.

如果, 要維持一段感情, …

– Me

.

.

2009.07.28 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

微積分 6.6

無限年 3.6

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:但是, (\delta) 是什麼呢?

你還未賦予 \delta 意義。亦即是話,你對「無限小」的定義,尚未完成?)

無錯。我還需要講清楚,\delta 究竟是什麼。

不過,每一題極限(limit)題目的 \delta 都會不同。\delta 並沒有通用的定義,而是要經過一點運算才知道。例如,以這一題極限題目而言,\delta 剛好等於 (\epsilon)。

( \lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2-9}{x-3} ) = 6

意思是,如果你要求數式 和 6 的距離,小於 (\epsilon),無論 \epsilon 有多麼小,你都一定可以達成,只要你設定 x 和 3 的偏差,小於 (\epsilon)。例如,如果你要求數式和 6 的距離,小於 0.001(\epsilon),只要你設定 x 和 3 的偏差小於 0.001(\delta = \epsilon),就可以達成。

(安:還有,你說那些後期數學家,就是用了這一套避開了「無限小」這個詞彙的語言,來描述牛頓和萊布尼茲,在「微積分初版」中,原本想帶出的意念。

你是否暗示了,其實「微積分初版」中的結果是正確的,雖然運算步驟含糊其詞?)

可以那樣說。「微積分初版」的運算結果大致正確;對於日常用家而言,可信可用。現在中學的「微積分」課程,也是「微積分初版」。

(安:那為什麼還要嚴格定義「無限小」?那是否庸人自擾?)

因為「微積分初版」的運算結果,只是「大致正確」,並非「完全正確」。在高深一點的理論或應用中,「微積分初版」會完全瓦解。

還有,「『微積分初版』的運算結果大致正確」,是事後孔明。「微積分初版」並不知道自己,原來「大致正確」。那是「微積分再版」對它的評語。

一日「無限小」這個邏輯漏洞尚未修補,一日也不知道,「微積分初版」在什麼情況下可以用,什麼情況下不可以。

— Me@2013.03.11

2013.03.11 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

微積分 6.5

無限年 3.5

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

當 x 接近 3 時,(x+3) 很明顯會接近 6。所以,結論是,

( \lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2-9}{x-3} ) = 6

如果用粗疏的語言,我們會說,當 x 非常接近 3 時, 就會非常接近 6。

如果用「微積分初版」的語言,我們會說,當 x 和 3 的距離是「無限小」時, 和 6 的距離,都會是「無限小」。

如果準確一點的語言,我們會說,當 x 足夠接近 3 時, 就會足夠接近 6;又或者說,無論你要數式的數值,多麼接近 6 都可以,只要 x 足夠接近 3。

如果用後期數學家,所創製的嚴格語言,我要會說,

0\ \exists \ \delta > 0 : \forall x\ (0 < |x – 3 | < \delta \ \Rightarrow \ \left| \frac{x^2-9}{x-3} – 6 \right|

\forall \epsilon > 0\ \exists \ \delta > 0 : \forall x\ (0 < |x – 3| < \delta \ \Rightarrow \ \left| \frac{x^2-9}{x-3} – 6 \right| < \epsilon)

意思是,如果你要求數式   和 6 的距離,小於 (\epsilon),無論 \epsilon 有多麼小,你都一定可以達成,只要你設定 x 和 3 的偏差,小於 (\delta)。換句話說,這裡定義了,何謂「足夠接近」。

那些後期數學家,就是用了這套「(ε, δ)-definition of limit」(epsilon-delta definition of limit) 的語言,來描述牛頓和萊布尼茲,在「微積分初版」中,原本想帶出的意念,而又避開了「無限小」這個詞彙。

(安:但是, (\delta) 是什麼呢?

你還未賦予 \delta 意義。亦即是話,你對「無限小」的定義,尚未完成?)

— Me@2013.03.09

2013.03.09 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

The Top Idea in Your Mind

事業愛情觀 4

I realized recently that what one thinks about in the shower in the morning is more important than I’d thought. I knew it was a good time to have ideas. Now I’d go further: now I’d say it’s hard to do a really good job on anything you don’t think about in the shower.

Everyone who’s worked on difficult problems is probably familiar with the phenomenon of working hard to figure something out, failing, and then suddenly seeing the answer a bit later while doing something else. There’s a kind of thinking you do without trying to. I’m increasingly convinced this type of thinking is not merely helpful in solving hard problems, but necessary. The tricky part is, you can only control it indirectly.

I think most people have one top idea in their mind at any given time. That’s the idea their thoughts will drift toward when they’re allowed to drift freely. And this idea will thus tend to get all the benefit of that type of thinking, while others are starved of it. Which means it’s a disaster to let the wrong idea become the top one in your mind.

What made this clear to me was having an idea I didn’t want as the top one in my mind for two long stretches.

I’d noticed startups got way less done when they started raising money, but it was not till we ourselves raised money that I understood why. The problem is not the actual time it takes to meet with investors. The problem is that once you start raising money, raising money becomes the top idea in your mind. That becomes what you think about when you take a shower in the morning. And that means other questions aren’t.

I’d hated raising money when I was running Viaweb, but I’d forgotten why I hated it so much. When we raised money for Y Combinator, I remembered. Money matters are particularly likely to become the top idea in your mind. The reason is that they have to be. It’s hard to get money. It’s not the sort of thing that happens by default. It’s not going to happen unless you let it become the thing you think about in the shower. And then you’ll make little progress on anything else you’d rather be working on.

— The Top Idea in Your Mind

— July 2010

— Paul Graham

2013.03.07 Thursday ACHK

Power 2

The devil is in the details.

The angel is also in the details.

— Me@2013-03-06 02:09:48 AM

Whoever gets the details gets the power.

— Me@2013-03-06 02:09:48 AM

2013.03.07 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

微積分 6.4

無限年 3.4 | 0/0 2

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:你的意思是,牛頓和萊布尼茲發明「微積分」之初,雖然必須使用「無限小」這個概念,但卻沒有賦予它,一個嚴格的定義。而這個「微積分」的漏洞,是後人幫他們修補的。)

無錯。那些數學後人,用了「(ε, δ)-definition of limit」(“epsilon-delta definition of limit”),來定義「無限小」。

(安:那樣,「無限小」的嚴格定義是什麼?)

例如,數式

\frac{x^2-9}{x-3}

在 x = 3 時,並沒有數值,因為那會導致分母變成零。分母等於零的分數,沒有任何數學意義。但是,我們卻可以研究,

\lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2-9}{x-3}

等於什麼。換句話說,雖然 x = 3 並不合法,但是,我們仍然可以追問,「x 非常接近 3」時,這題數式會得到什麼數值。

正式的運算方法是這樣的:

\lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2-9}{x-3}

= lim_{x \to 3} \frac{(x+3)(x-3)}{x-3}

然後,我們約了分子和分母的(x-3):

= lim_{x \to 3} (x+3)

= 6

當 x 接近 3 時,(x+3) 很明顯會接近 6。所以,結論是,

( \lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2-9}{x-3} ) = 6

— Me@2013.03.07

2013.03.07 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Energy and Action

The energy is a property of a system at a fixed moment of time – and because it’s usually conserved, it has the same values at all moments. On the other hand, the action is not associated with the state of a physical object; it is associated with a history.

the energy is universally defined in such a way that it is conserved as a result of the time-translational symmetry; and the action is defined in such a way that the condition δS=0 (stationarity of the action) is equivalent to the equations of motion. These are the general conditions that define the concepts in general and that make them important; particular formulae for the energy or action are just particular applications of the general rules.

— May 11 ’11 at 9:20

— Lubos Motl

2013.03.05 Tuesday ACHK

微積分 6.3

無限年 3.3

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

這個定義,填補了「微積分」原本的漏洞。

(安:「微積分」原本有什麼漏洞?)

原本的漏洞,在於使用了「無限小」這個字眼,而又沒有明確講述,「無限小」究竟是什麼意思。

This work is in the public domain in the United States, and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less.
This work is in the public domain in the United States, and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less.

「微積分」的發明者,和早期的使用者,都對「無限小」的意思含糊其詞,例如:

「無限小」小過任何其他數,但它本身又不是零。(簡化起見,這裡不討論負數。)

這個講法的問題,在於自相矛盾:

即使 x = 無限小,x/2(x 的一半)理應仍然會小於 x 本身。但是,你又宣稱,x 會小於任何其他數。結論是,x 既會小於 x/2,又會大於 x/2,自相矛盾也。

— Me@2013.03.04

2013.03.04 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Emacs, 2

Nice to see Emacs getting a bit of press recently. I’ve used it for almost 20 years now and it dominates my time at the keyboard. It isn’t perfect and I’m reluctant to recommend it but I wouldn’t want to be without it. Let me explain.

The best thing about Emacs is that it can do everything (including the things it can’t do yet). The worst thing about Emacs is finding out how it does anything. I wouldn’t call it discoverable. In fact, on several occasions, I’ve learned about Emacs by accident: you press the wrong key combination (easy to do when you’re holding down a couple of keys and stretching for a third) and, look, something interesting happens!

— Accidental Emacs

— 2008-05-06 

— Thomas Guest

2013.03.04 Monday ACHK