考慮次序與否 1.2

這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 15 日的對話。

初學機會率的其中兩個最大難處是,要釐清「什麼時候要考慮次序」和「怎樣為之『相同情況』」,例如:

有一個袋子,內裡有十張卡紙。每張卡紙上,都寫上了一個英文字母。那十個字母分別是「AAABBBCCCC」,即是三個 A、三個 B 和 四個 C。你將要抽其中三個字母出來。被抽出來的卡紙,不會放回袋中。

假設整個過程是隨機的,即是各個可能性的機會均等。問題是,你抽中三個都是 A 的機會率是多少?

P 方法:

S 方法:

我們先考慮所有可能結果的總數,放於分母;然後,再考慮可以接受的結果有多少,放於分子。

(_)
(   )

總共有 10 字母,選 3 個出來,所以共有 10_C_3 個可能。(10_C_3)即是 「10 選 3」,等於 120。

(____)
(10_C_3)

而眾多可能的結果中,我們接受的,是「三個都是 A」的情況。換句話說,即是要從三個 A 中,選三個出來;從三個 B 中,選零個出來;和從四個 C 中,選零個出來。

(3_C_3)(3_C_0)(4_C_0)
____________ 
          (10_C_3)

   (1)(1)(1)
= _____ 
      (120)

結論是,抽到三個 A 的機會率是 1/120。

(1)(1)(1)
_____ 
   (120)

= 1/120

答案和 P 方法的結果相同,即是正確的機會很大。

— Me@2013.01.22

致讀者:如發現本文有思考漏洞,或者運算錯誤,請以電郵告知本人。謝謝!

— Me@2012.10.17

2013.01.22 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Decoherence is continuous

On the other hand, he must make sure that the splitting of the worlds occurs as soon as decoherence is over. But the “moment” when decoherence is over isn’t sharply defined. Decoherence is never “absolute”. Decoherence is a continuous process that becomes “almost totally complete” after a certain time scale but it is never complete.

— Hugh Everett’s many worlds interpretation of QM

— Lubos Motl

2013.01.22 Tuesday ACHK

Cosmic religion

Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future: It transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural and the spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity.

— Not Albert Einstein

It may or may not be the present state. But it should be the goal.

— Me@2013-01-22 09:04:25 AM

2013.01.22 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK