Check whether this world is a Matrix:
Some physical results (such as Lorentz symmetry) in this universe cannot be simulated by a classical digital computer.
— Me@2011.08.21
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2018.04.16 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Check whether this world is a Matrix:
Some physical results (such as Lorentz symmetry) in this universe cannot be simulated by a classical digital computer.
— Me@2011.08.21
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2018.04.16 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Donkey Kong Country is a 1994 platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The game centres on Donkey Kong and his friend Diddy Kong, who are on a quest to recover Donkey Kong’s stolen banana hoard from King K. Rool and the Kremlings.
— Wikipedia on Donkey Kong Country
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2018.04.13 Friday ACHK
…
當然,洗牌只是比喻。而這個比喻,想帶出的理論是,宇宙的任何狀態,都可以看成眾多粒子的不同組合排列。
任何一個組合排列 A,假設有極長的時間,去作極多次的變動,只要那「極多次」足夠多,相對於現在的你而言,那「極多次」之中,「至少有一次回到排列 A」 的機會率,會極度高。
而你的存在,則只是宇宙的其中一個狀態。
縱使人必有一死,如果在你終後,宇宙還有極長的時間,(相對於現在的你,或者另外指定不變的某一刻而言),你會再生重來的機會率,會極度接近,百分之一百。
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「機遇再生論」在同情地理解下,可以有這個意思。
但是,「機遇再生論」在這個意思下,正不正確,則是另一個問題。
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這個比喻,又正不正確呢?
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物理學中,有一個與「機遇再生論」,極度相似的運算,叫做 Boltzmann brain(波茲曼大腦)。
詳細不說,結論則是:
「
由現在開始,等待粒子不斷的隨機變化、排列和組合等,直到有一個有自我意識的腦袋(例如你)存在,(根據「波茲曼大腦」運算的其中一個版本,)
平均要等
年。
」
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這個數()有多大?
這個時段( 年)又有多長呢?
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首先,你要明白, 是十的五十次方,即是 1 之後有五十個零:
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然後,你亦要知道, 是十的
次方,代表 1 之後有
個零:
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還有,這只是「直到有_某_一個有自我意識的腦袋存在」,所需之等待時間長度而已。如果要「直到有_你_存在」,所需之等待時間,則會更長。
要靠「機會再生論」或者「波茲曼大腦」,這個「方法」來重生的話,看來不太可行。
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(問:為什麼呢?
仍然小於無限呀!
)
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但是,未來時間是否無限長?
或者說,宇宙的壽命,是否無限呢?
— Me@2018-04-13 12:12:46 PM
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2018.04.13 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
無足夠資料 11.1
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來到這版,可能是你看了 Ken Chan 的物理參考書時,發現了他的網址:

不到意思,他已經沒有用這個網址了。我不是 Ken Chan,而是他九十年代的學生。(無錯,我都已經係老餅。)
我租了這個網址,一來,用作紀念;二來,亦可以避免他人冒充 Ken Chan;繼而,我就可親自冒充他。
(邪惡地笑)

當然,那於理不合,於法不容。所以,我重申一次:
「
我不是 Ken Chan,而是他九十年代的學生。
」
(但是,如果需要聯絡本人,可用右邊的電郵地址。)
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那樣,Ken Chan 又去了哪裡呢?
我也不知道。他既然停用了自己的課程網址,那最大的可能性就是,他從教學界退了休。
我不喜歡「補習老師」這個詞語,因為我不喜歡「補習」,又不喜歡「老師」:
「補習」一詞,給人「多餘」、「依賴」和「騙錢」的感覺。
「老師」一詞,給人「年老」、「沉悶」和「沒有發展」的感覺。
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所以,我不會稱 Ken Chan 為我的「補習老師」;如果一定要給一個尊稱,我會叫他為我的「物理先知」。
同理,雖然我也有從事類似的行業,我亦不會叫我自己做「補習老師」,而是「學術顧問」。
而 Ken Chan 的境界,遠遠高於其他老師的原因,正正就是,他的人生目標(或稱正職),並不是做「補習老師」,而是一位學者,從事學術研究。
(至於他的在哪間大學任教和研究,我則不知道,因為,他沒有公開。)
在學生時代,我已經立志(!)不做(!)全職的中學教員。
一個稍為有創意、略略有志氣的年青人,又怎能忍受自己人生中的幾十年,重複教著同一堆東西呢?
除非,教學只是他的職責之一。他仍有大半時間,從事學術研究。學術的精神世界,仍然是不停地發展的。
如果他真的退了休,香港的物理學生,又如何是好呢?
問題有那麼嚴重嗎?
有。如果香港沒有實力相近於 Ken Chan 的,物理兼工程專家,去指導眾多年輕人,那就真的十分大件事了。
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當年,如果沒有他的教導,我大概不能升學。
— Me@2018-04-11 12:21:42 PM。
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2018.04.11 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Closed string degeneracies | A First Course in String Theory
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(a) State the values of and give the degeneracies for the first five mass levels of the closed bosonic string theory.
~~~
What is the meaning of “closed bosonic string theory”?
Bosonic? Meaning commutating creation operators?
Closed?
String? Or superstring?
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p.308 “We describe the position of classical bosonic strings using the string coordinates . The
are classical commuting variables: …
In quantum theory the ‘s become operators that do not generally commute.”
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“To get fermions in string theory we introduce new dynamical world-sheet variables and
. The classical variables
(
) are not ordinary commuting variables, but rather anticommuting variables.”
p.324 “In closed superstring theories spacetime bosons arise from the (NS, NS) sector and also from the (R, R) sector, since this sector is “doubly” fermionic. The spacetime fermions arise from the (NS, R) and (R, NS) sectors.”
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type IIA
(NS+, NS+) (bosons), (NS+, R+) (fermions), (R-, NS+) (fermions), (R-, R+) (bosons)
type IIB
(NS+, NS+) (bosons), (NS+, R-) (fermions), (R-, NS+) (fermions), (R-, R-) (bosons)
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p.323 “Just like the massless states in bosonic closed string theory they carry two vector indices.”
This line implies that the phrase “bosonic closed string theory” does not refer to superstrings.
— Me@2018-04-03 10:00:13 AM
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Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s. It is so called because it only contains bosons in the spectrum.
In the 1980s, supersymmetry was discovered in the context of string theory, and a new version of string theory called superstring theory (supersymmetric string theory) became the real focus. Nevertheless, bosonic string theory remains a very useful model to understand many general features of perturbative string theory, and many theoretical difficulties of superstrings can actually already be found in the context of bosonic strings.
— Wikipedia on Bosonic string theory
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What is the difference between closed string and closed superstring?
— Me@2018-04-09 09:41:18 PM
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‘Superstring theory’ is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that accounts for both fermions and bosons and incorporates supersymmetry to model gravity.
— Wikipedia on Superstring theory
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2018.04.09 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
“Time’s arrow” is only meaningful when considering with respect to an observer.
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c.f. the second law of thermodynamics
The direction of time is direction of losing microscopic information… by whom?
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“Time’s arrow” is only meaningful when considering with respect to an observer.
— Me@2018-01-01 6:14 PM
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2018.04.09 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
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privacy ~ I don’t want to let you see my other selves
— Me@2011.08.19
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privacy ~ I don’t want to let you see my private selves
— Me@2017-07-15 6:28 AM
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2018.04.08 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Inception 16.3
這段改編自 2010 年 8 月 13 日的對話。
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怎料,當早所看的電影《潛行凶間》那麼應景,恰巧在主題中有「清醒夢」和「多層夢」。那就是為什麼我剛才說:
「
《潛行凶間》中的意念,你可以假想,有七成是真的。
」
知道這些有趣知識——原來世間上,是有「清醒夢」和「多層夢」——是有實質好處的。
例如,你會繼而知道,原來人是有「潛意識」的;而在一些清況下,「潛意識」的智力和能力,多過「顯意識」。但是,「潛潛意識」又再利害過「潛意識」。
—
再例如:
3. 多重自我
3.1 每一個人,其實有超過一個自我。
3.2 而每一個自我,其實有超過一個層次的意識。
至於在平日,怎樣可以存取到,各個層次的潛意識呢?
有太多的方法,有些是健康的,有些是自殘的,不能盡錄。現在只講一兩點。
健康的方法有,適量的睡眠。睡眠太多或太少,都到身體、顯意識和潛意識有害。睡眠太少的話,你的潛意識,沒有足夠時間,去整理日間接收了的資料。
自殘的方法有,患病。
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「清醒夢」或「多層夢」,如果自然發生,你可以細心觀察。
但是,千萬不要主動去引發「清醒夢」或「多層夢」。它們時常發生的話,會破壞意識,脫離現實。
— Me@2018-04-08 10:51:30 AM
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2018.04.08 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

— Me@2018-04-05 06:09:36 PM
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2018.04.05 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
These five theories have all been known since the middle of the 1980s. Some relationships between them were found soon after their discovery, but a clearer picture emerged only in the late 1990s. The limit of type II theory as the string coupling is taken to infinity was shown to give a theory in eleven dimensions. This theory is called M-theory, with the meaning of M to be decided when the nature of the theory becomes clear. It is known, however, the M-theory is _not_ a string theory. M-theory contains membranes (2-branes) and 5-branes, and these branes are not D-branes. M-theory may end up playing a prominent role in understanding string theory. The discovery of many other relationships between the five string theories listed above and M-theory has made it clear that we really have just _one theory_. This is a fundamental result: there is a unique theory, and the five superstrings and M-theory are different limits of this unique theory.
— Second Edition p.325
— A First Course in String Theory
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2018.04.05 Thursday ACHK
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