Author Archives: rpflee
歸納筆記 2.2
這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 8 日的對話。
試想想,如果你有在臨考前背誦「魔記筆記」,又怎可能在考試時「臨場遺忘」,內裡記載的常用技巧呢?
你們可能會問:「又怎可能在半小時內,把『魔法筆記』的所有內容,都閱讀一次呢?」
你留意,你現在手上的「魔法筆記」,並不是「真身」,而只是第一個版本。如果你跟足「魔法筆記方法」的劇情,臨考試前「魔法筆記」,一定會很薄。「魔法筆記」的原意,是把課程內容的(例如)四百頁,歸納成二百頁,成為第一個版本。然後,再把那二百頁,歸納成一百頁,成為第二版,如此類推。臨考試前的「魔法筆記」,應該只有少於五十頁。
另外,保證準時的唯一方法,就是大大提早到達。考試當日,正常人也會十分緊張,會提早出門,以防有突發交通事故。如果行程順利,你會在早於開考前的一個小時,就到達試場。所以,可用於背誦筆記的時間,通常也不只半小時那麼少。
— Me@2012.11.16
2012.11.16 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Philosophical Investigations
Relation to the Tractatus
According to the standard reading, in the Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein repudiates many of his own earlier views, expressed in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The Tractatus, as Bertrand Russell saw it (though it should be noted that Wittgenstein took strong exception to Russell’s reading), had been an attempt to set out a logically perfect language, building on Russell’s own work. In the years between the two works Wittgenstein came to reject the idea that underpinned logical atomism, that there were ultimate “simples” from which a language should, or even could, be constructed.
In remark #23 of Philosophical Investigations he points out that the practice of human language is more complex than the simplified views of language that have been held by those who seek to explain or simulate human language by means of a formal system. It would be a disastrous mistake, according to Wittgenstein, to see language as being in any way analogous to formal logic.
Instead, language has many context-sensitive expressions, such as indexicals.
— Wikipedia on Philosophical Investigations
2012.11.16 Friday ACHK
Parachuting
Freefall 2
Life is like parachuting without a parachute.
— Me@2012.01.11
We are free falling into the future.
— Me@2012.11.15
2012.11.15 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
機會率哲學 2.7.1
The problem of induction 1.7.1 | Paradox 7.1
這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。
(安:Hans Reichenbach 講法的下半段是,如果自然現象根本沒有規律可言,就不會有任何方法,可以找到任何規律。那樣,即使找不到規律,也不是「歸納法」有錯。
這裡我不明白的地方是,何謂「完全沒有規律」呢?
我彷彿想像不到,有一個情況,可以真的「完全沒有規律」。)
你的意思是,「完全沒有規律」本身,都可以視為一個「規律」?
(安:大概是。)
那樣不行。有沒有「規律」,不純粹是感覺。你不可以隨便標籤,因為我們正在討論的「規律」,有明確意思。「有規律」是指「可預測」。如果一件事件是「不可預測的」,你就不可以宣稱它「有規律」。
(安:但是,你不能不考慮「機會率」。)
— Me@2012.11.15
2012.11.15 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Trans-Planckian problem
Mute Hole 2
The trans-Planckian problem can be conveniently considered in the framework of sonic black holes, condensed matter systems which can be described in a similar way as real black holes. In these systems, the analogue of the Planck scale is the interatomic scale, where the continuum description loses its validity. One can study whether in these systems the analogous process to Hawking radiation still occurs despite the short-scale cutoff represented by the interatomic distance.
— Wikipedia on Trans-Planckian problem
2012.11.14 Wednesday ACHK
Freefall
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* We’re in a freefall into future. We don’t know where we’re going. This are changing so fast, and always when you’re going through a long tunnel, anxiety comes along. And all you have to do to transform your hell into a paradise is to turn your fall into a voluntary act. It’s a very interesting shift of perspective and that’s all it is… joyful participation in the sorrows and everything changes.
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— Joseph Campbell
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2009.05.15 Friday ACHK
歸納筆記 2.1
這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 8 日的對話。
…
這個方法,只作「娛樂」之用。考試時,就應該用剛才的速成方法,以節省時間。又或者,兩個方法也用,以作驗算。
(HYC:但是,這一題我只會想到正常的,慢一點的方法。)
那你又毋須要求,自己會發明到那個速成方法。你現在試試用一次,然後把它記載於「魔法筆記」之中,考試時就自然會記得,因為根據「魔法筆記」的設計,你除了在平日要背誦外,在臨考試前的半小時,還要高速瀏覽一次,提一提醒自己。
(CYW:但是,我一到考試臨場緊張時,很多時也會忘記,必須的技巧。有沒有方法可以記得呢?)
我不斷推介的「魔法筆記」方法,正正是要徹底解決這個問題。而這個方法的重點是,必須有系統地,長期反覆背誦,考試必須的知識和技巧。試想想,如果你有在臨考前背誦「魔記筆記」,又怎可能在考試時「臨場遺忘」,內裡記載的常用技巧呢?
你們可能會問:「又怎可能在半小時內,把『魔法筆記』的所有內容,都閱讀一次呢?」
— Me@2012.11.13
2012.11.14 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Meaningful 8
meaning = use
~ context = love
no meaning = no future
— Me@2012-01-04 11:50:29 AM
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2012.11.12 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
機會率哲學 2.6
The problem of induction 1.6
這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。
任何一個人,即使不是科學家,都需要「預測將來」,除非他毋須做任何決定。所謂「做決定」,就是在眾多「可能未來」中,選定一個。如果沒有一定程度的「預測」,就不能分辨,哪些未來是「可能」,哪些未來是「不可能」。
除非宇宙的本質是「不可預測的」,否則,「歸納法」就一定可以助你,去「預測將來」。
(安:無錯。但是,我還有些地方不明白。
你剛才引述哲學家 Hans Reichenbach 所講,如果有任何其他方法,可以找到自然現象的規律,「歸納法」都可以找到。其實,我不太明白,何謂「其他方法」。
「歸納法」就是指,透過不斷的觀察和實驗,去找出「自然定律」,從而預測將來。我想像不到,還有「觀察」以外的方法,去了解自然世界。)
哲學家們並不是指,現時實際上,「歸納法」以外,還有其他可信可用的方法,去預測將來。他們是指,理論上可以有。
例如,你發覺一粒骰子,一百次之中,有九十次都是擲到「一」。那樣,你會認為,那一粒骰子不正常,不是公平的。你會覺得,「擲到一」的機會率,遠高於其他五個數字。所以,你會預測,下次擲骰子的結果是「一」。那就是「歸納法」的運用。
但是,你可以想像,有一位占卜師,毋須預先把那粒骰子擲一百次,而改為用占卜,就可以知道,那粒骰子傾向出現「一」。
而 Reichenbach 的意思是,如果利用(例如)占卜,就可以找到那粒骰子的規律,「歸納法」都可以找到,只要觀察的時間足夠長,收集的案例足夠多。
(安:跳高一個層次,即使你想求教於占卜,要衡量某位占卜師可不可靠,最終也要觀察他過往的表現。到頭來,又要使用「歸納法」。)
— Me@2012.11.12
2012.11.12 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
State
On the assumption that all interactions are local (which is backed up by the analysis of the EPR paradox presented below), one could say that the ideas of “state” and spatiotemporal contiguity are two sides of the same coin: spacetime location determines the possibility of interaction, but interactions determine spatiotemporal structure. The full extent of this relationship, however, has not yet fully been explored.
— Wikipedia on Relational quantum mechanics
2012.11.11 Sunday ACHK
A. J. Ayer, 2
A prevalent fallacy is the assumption that a proof of an after-life would also be a proof of the existence of a deity.
…
He took the view that this world was very nasty and that there was a fair chance that the next world, if it existed, was even nastier.
— What I Saw When I Was Dead
— A. J. Ayer
2012.11.11 Sunday ACHK
至少兩個不同 1.2
這段改編自 2010 年 6 月 8 日的對話。
有三個方格,你要填上三個英文字母。
_ _ _
每一格都是由 {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J} 十個字母中,抽其中一個出來。字母可以重複被抽中,例如,第一格是 A 的話,第二格都可能是 A。假設整個過程是隨機的,即是各個可能性的機會均等。那樣,「至少有兩個字母不同」的機會率是多少?
…
(HYC:如果不用你的速成方法,可以怎樣做?)
P(「三個之中,至少有兩個字母不同」)
= P(「三個也不同」或者「其中兩個相同,而餘下的一個不同」)
由於這兩種情況「互斥」,不可能同時發生,所以可以化作加數。
P(「三個之中,至少有兩個字母不同」)
= P(「三個也不同」)+ P(「其中兩個相同,而餘下的一個不同」)
= (1)(9/10)(8/10) + (1)(1/10)(9/10)(3_C_2)
(CYW:為什麼第二項會多了一個「3_C_2」?)
第二項的意思是,
P(「其中兩個相同,而餘下的一個不同」)
= P(「第一、二個相同,而第三個不同」) 乘以 「三選二」
因為「其中兩個相同」,可以有幾個可能,包括「頭兩個相同」、「尾兩個相同」或者「頭尾相同」。換句話說,三個之中選兩個相同,共有 3_C_2 種方法。「3_C_2」即是「三選二」,等如 3。
結論是
P(「三個之中,至少有兩個字母不同」)
= (1)(9/10)(8/10) + (1)(1/10)(9/10)(3_C_2)
= 0.99
這個方法,只作「娛樂」之用。考試時,就應該用剛才的速成方法,以節省時間。又或者,兩個方法也用,以作驗算。
— Me@2012.11.11
2012.11.11 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
藉口 3
Small big bang, 3 | 小宇宙大爆炸 3 | 開山祖師牛 7 | 原因 3 | 西瓜 7
由 = 來源 = 因
原因 = 事件原因
理由 = 道理原因
自由
= 自己作原因
= 自己可作某些因果鏈的起點
= 自己可作某些事件的第一因
— Me@2012-11-10 12:12:05 PM
描述原因的句子,是經驗句。
解釋理由的句子,是重言句。
— Me@2012-11-10 02:24:55 PM
2012.11.10 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Batman Begins, 7
存在先於本質 2
Life is a process of defining yourself.
— Me@2012.01.03
2012.11.10 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
機會率哲學 2.5
The problem of induction 1.5 | 西瓜 6.5
這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。
即使沒有以上對「歸納法」的幾個辯解,而導致我們不可宣稱「歸納法合乎理性」,我們也不應該對「歸納法」,有不合理的期望,要求一些百分百保證,一定不會錯的預測。我們運用「歸納法」,是想得到一些「描述經驗世界的句子」,即是「綜合句」,而不是「重言句」。凡是「描述經驗世界的句子」,就一定有機會錯,那怕機會是微乎其微。
有些句子有意思,有些句子沒有意思。而有意思的句子之中,可再分成兩類:analytic propositions(重言句/恆真式)和 synthetic propositions(綜合句/經驗句)。
「重言句」只是概念之間的關係(relations of ideas)。例如:
1. 冰箱內有西瓜,或者沒有西瓜。
2. 我爺爺是我爸爸的爸爸。
「重言句」的好處是它絕對準確。不好處是它沒有任何信息內容,對世界沒有任何描述。
「綜合句」是對事實的陳述(matters of facts)。例如:
1. 冰箱內有西瓜。
2. 愛因斯坦是我爸爸的爸爸。
「綜合句」的不好處是有可能錯。好處是它有信息內容,對世界有描述。
— Me@2012.11.10
2012.11.10 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Paradox 6
Because “state” is expressed in RQM as the correlation between two systems, there can be no meaning to “self-measurement”.
— Wikipedia on Relational quantum mechanics
2012.11.09 Friday ACHK
A. J. Ayer
Near-death experience
In 1988, shortly before his death, Ayer wrote an article entitled, “What I saw when I was dead”, describing an unusual near-death experience. Of the experience, Ayer first said that it “slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death … will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be.” However, a few days later he revised this, saying “what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief”.
In 2001 Dr. Jeremy George, the attending physician, claimed that Ayer had confided to him: “I saw a Divine Being. I’m afraid I’m going to have to revise all my books and opinions.” Ayer’s son Nick, however, said that he had never mentioned this to him though he did find his father’s words to be extraordinary, and said he had long felt there was something possibly suspect about his father’s version of his near death experience.
— Wikipedia on A. J. Ayer
2012.11.09 Friday ACHK
機會率哲學 2.4
The problem of induction 1.4 | 西瓜 6.4
這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。
過去會發生的事情,即使已重複發生了很多次,也不代表,將來會發生。正正是因為「預測」將來,不一定會百分百準確,我們對「歸納法」,要有所防範。無論是在日常生活,還是專業工作,既要為最好作準備,亦為最壞作打算。
例如,你過去幾十年,從未試過有大病,不代表將來不會有。所以要事先買保險,以防備未來可能突如其來的醫療開支。
又例如,你的電腦在過去五年,從未試過有故障,不保證將來不會有。萬一有損壞,你一大堆重要的資料,會化為烏有。所以要事先定期做好備份,即是任何重要資料,在任何時候,都要有幾份複本,儲存於不同地方的不同電腦,以防備未來可能突如其來的資料損毀。
再例如,科學家發表的研究結果,並不會只是來自一、兩次的實驗,而是會來自輕則數十次,重則成千上萬次的試探,以提防視「偶然」為「必然」,以提防視「特例」為「通則」。
又再例如,一款藥物推出市面前,一定會經歷鉅細無遺、數之不盡的臨床測試,以減低造成人命傷亡的機會率。
— Me@2012.11.09
2012.11.09 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK
Will
Arthur Schopenhauer famously said “Man can do what he wills but he cannot will what he wills”. In other words, although an agent may often be free to act according to a motive, the nature of that motive is determined.
Implications for morality
The Compatibilist might argue that determinism is not just compatible with any good definition of free will, but actually necessary. If one’s actions are not determined by one’s beliefs, desires, and character, then how could one possibly be held morally responsible for those actions?
— Wikipedia on Compatibilism
[guess]
Mind is related to the universal wave function.
— Me@2012.11.08
2012.11.08 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

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