Black hole complementarity 2

Instead, an observer can only detect the information at the horizon itself, or inside, but never both simultaneously. Complementarity is a feature of the quantum mechanics of noncommuting observables, and Susskind proposed that both stories are complementary in the quantum sense.

Interestingly enough, an infalling observer will see the point of entry of the information as being localized on the event horizon, while an external observer will notice the information being spread out uniformly over the entire stretched horizon before being re-radiated. To an infalling observer, information and entropy passes through the horizon with nothing strange happening. To an external observer, the information and entropy is absorbed into the stretched horizon which acts like a dissipative fluid with entropy, viscosity and electrical conductivity.

— Wikipedia on Black hole complementarity

2012.10.30 Tuesday ACHK

無常

機會率哲學 1.4

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

「隨機」的意思是,沒有原因,而導致我們,不可直接明確推斷,事件會有哪一個結果。但是,你可以再追問,何謂「沒有原因」呢?

我們可以改用,詳細一點的講法。「隨機」的意思是,對於同一個固定不變的物理系統,即使是同一組的輸入,輸出的結果也不一定每次相同。

— Me@2012.10.30

2012.10.30 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

The Beginning of Time

Existence, 5 | Why does the universe exist? 3

The sentence “there is nothing in the north of the North Pole” is inaccurate, because it assumes that there a place in the north of the North Pole, although that place has nothing in it. Instead, we should say

The North Pole has no “north”. 

or

The word “north” is meaningless at the North Pole.

— Me@2012.10.15

2012.10.29 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Black hole complementarity

Leonard Susskind proposed a radical resolution to this problem by claiming that the information is both reflected at the event horizon and passes through the event horizon and can’t escape, with the catch being no observer can confirm both stories simultaneously.

— Wikipedia on Black hole complementarity

2012.10.28 Sunday ACHK

機會率哲學 1.3

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

換句話說,所謂的「隨機事件」,並不真的是隨機。只是因為我們為了可以,大大簡化運算,而把一些複雜事件當作是「隨機」的,令到我們可以避開「牛頓力學」,而改為使用「機會率定律」來預測。「經典物理學」中的「隨機事件」,都是「偽隨機」的。

「隨機」的意思是,沒有原因,而導致我們,不可直接明確推斷,事件會有哪一個結果。「偽隨機」的意思則是,事件不是沒有原因。只是我們「無知」,沒有足夠的資料,而索性把事件當作是「隨機」的。「偽隨機」不是源於「沒有原因」,而是源於「知得不夠詳細」。

那世間上,有沒有一些真正的「隨機」事件呢?

研究微觀世界時,我們需要使用「量子力學」。「量子力學」中「機會率」,主要來自先天固有的「隨機性」。有些事件的發生,是真的「沒有原因」。亦即是話,即使我們百分百知道,一個量子物理系統的所有資料,有些地方,我們都會被迫使用「機會率」。而那些「機會率」,並不是源於我們的「無知」,而是源於大自然「內置」的「任意性」。

— Me@2012.10.28

2012.10.28 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

機會率哲學 1.2

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:你上次講,「機會率」來自於「無知」。當人們沒有足夠資料,而又要預測結果時,就會運用「機會率」。

例如,當我們擲一粒骰子時,理論上,只要擁有該粒骰子的所有力學資料,包括初始位置、方向 和 速度等,就可以運用牛頓力學,百分百準確地預測到,該次擲骰的結果。但是,實際上,要得到該粒骰子,詳細而準確的力學資料,成本甚高。而且,即使你有齊那些力學資料,要透過牛頓力學的運算,來得到擲骰結果,代價太大。

所以,數學家、物理學家、工程師 和 經濟學家 等,退而求其次,不再要求百分百準確地,預測未來會有哪一個結果,而改為描述每一個可能的結果,發生的機會率有多少。)

— Me@2012.10.26

2012.10.26 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Paradox 5

Meta-time 4 | Cumulative concept of time, 13

The grandfather paradox has this structure:

Your-2012-self = [ …, your-2002-self, … ]

B = [ …, A, … ]

If your-2012-self can go back to, such as, year 2001,

Your-2002-self = [ …, your-2012-self, … ]

A = [ …, B, … ]

Unless A = B, it is logical impossible to have both “A is part of B” and “B is part of A“.

— Me@2012.04.02

2012.10.24 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

機會率哲學 1.1

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

「機會率」和「統計學」是一體之兩面。

「機會率」是用「一般定律」來描述「個別事件」。例如,如果一粒骰子是公平的,每一面出現的機會率就會均等,都是六分之一(1/6)。那就是「一般定律」。而某一次擲骰子,就是「個別事件」。在那一次擲骰子前,你預測「擲到三」的機會率是六分之一,就為之「用『一般定律』來描述『個別事件』」。

「統計學」是從眾多「個別事件」歸納出「一般定律」。例如,如果一粒骰子擲了 6000 次,大概有 1000 次是「擲到三」的話,我們就知道「擲到三」的機會率是大概六分之一(1/6)。那就是該粒骰子的「一般定律」。

「機會率」和「統計學」是一體之兩面。我們在今天的討論中,可以視它們為同義詞,隨時互換。

— Me@2012.10.24

2012.10.24 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Existence, 4

Why does the universe exist? 2

The sentence “the universe does not exist” is meaningless. However, its limited version “there are nothing” or “the universe has nothing” may be meaningful.

If the universe is finite in space, in principle, you can search all over the space to confirm that there are really nothing. So it seems that the sentence “the universe has nothing” does not violate the confirmation principle. However, there are three problems.

First, spacetime is also a “thing”, provided that the definition of the word “thing” is not limited to “object” or “matter”. Second, “spacetime” has no meaning if there are no matter and no energy. Moreover, you, as an observer, is also a “thing”.

After all, “the universe has nothing” is meaningless, in the sense that it violates the confirmation principle.

— Me@2012.10.15

2012.10.23 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Digital physics, 7

The events in spacetime are not symmetric. The causal structure could never quite emerge from such a starting point. More obviously, the symmetry between the events – points of the graph – creates the impression that the spacetime in quantum gravity may be discrete but it remains fundamental.

The last decade in theoretical physics has simply settled this question – whether someone likes it or not – and the answer is “No”. The spacetime geometry cannot be fundamental at the Planck scale. It is subject to transitions, dualities, and holography, among other phenomena that prove that it must be flexible and it cannot arise from a graph because a graph is too local. In neither of the existing descriptions we can find a discrete spacetime and it seems rather unlikely that there exists a description where it is discrete.

— Lubos Motl

2012.10.22 Monday ACHK

There

Existence, 3.4

Why does the universe exist? 1.4

Dogs do not exist

= There are no dogs

The non-existence is not a property of the dogs. Instead, the “non-existence of dogs” is a property of “there”, the system containing the dogs, such as a room. In other words, “there” is a location, an address, or an environment.

The universe exists = There is a universe

The universe does not exist = There is no universe

These two sentences are both meaningless, because the definition of the word “universe” is “everything”. The universe has no “outside”. The universe has no “there”. The question “Where is the universe?” makes no sense.

— Me@2012.10.15 

2012.10.20 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

原因 2.4

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

一件事的發生,會有遠超過一個「先決條件」,即是有很多「原因」。但是,在日常生活中,「原因」這個詞的最常用法,是指「最主要的先決條件」。

(安:無錯。如果在日常生活中,把一件事的任何一個「先決條件」,也用「原因」這個詞來表達的話,就會出現一些十分奇怪的講法,但又貌似正確。

例如,在電視劇《男親女愛》中,黃子華飾演的角色叫做「余樂天」。余樂天的同事每當失敗時,往往都會埋怨,失敗的原因是(例如)自己愚蠢。但是,當余樂天面對相同處境,即是他弄壞了事情時,他卻會埋怨,失敗的原因是自己出了世。聽落去十分滑稽搞笑,但是,又好像不知如何反駁他。余樂天總可以說:「如果我不是『出了世』,今次就不會失敗。」)

一個詞語可以有超過一個意思。當大家期望你用意思甲,而你卻在沒有事先聲明的情況下,用了意思乙的話,就是犯了「概念滑轉」的謬誤。

余樂天沒有犯「概念扭曲」的毛病,因為「原因」這個詞,有時真的可以用來指「先決條件」。而「出了世」,又的確是「失敗」的「先決條件」。「不出世,就不會有我。沒有我,就不會有『今次』。沒有『今次』,就不會失敗。」但是,他卻犯了「概念滑轉」的錯誤。那個情境下,當大家的「原因」是指「最主要的先決條件」時,他卻用「原因」來指「眾多先決條件之一」。

當然,他是故意的,以達致喜劇效果。

— Me@2012.10.19

2012.10.19 Friday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Why does the universe exist? 1.2

Existence, 3.2

Verification principle, 3

The sentence “the universe does not exist” has no meanings, because it violates the confirmation principle. When we say that “dogs do not exist in this room“, we can search all over this room to prove the non-existence of dogs. However, the definition of the word “universe” is “everything”. So the universe has no “outside”. The universe is not contained within a bigger system. So when we say that “the universe does not exist“, we cannot search all over some bigger environment to prove the non-existence of the universe, even in principle. 

The sentence “the universe exists” has the same problem. It also violates the confirmation principle. When we say that “a dog exists in this room“, as long as we can find a dog within the room, we prove the existence of the dog. However, the definition of the word “universe” is “everything”. So the universe has no “outside”. The universe is not contained within a bigger system. So when we say that “the universe exists“, we cannot “find” the universe, even in principle. 

Whatever we find, such as a dog, a room, a house, a city, etc., is only part of the universe. “Part of the universe exists” does not imply “the universe exists“. For example, I have part of one million dollars, such as 500 thousand dollars, doesn’t mean that I have one million dollars.

— Me@2012.10.15 

— Me@2012.10.18

2012.10.18 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Why does the universe exist?

Existence, 3.1

The sentence “the universe exists” and the sentence “the universe does not exist” have no meanings, because the “existence” of something is not a property of that thing, but a property of a bigger system. But the definition of the word “universe” is “everything”. So the universe has no “outside”. The universe is not contained within a bigger system.  

— Me@2012.10.15 

2012.10.16 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

原因 2.3

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:這個問題有趣的地方在於,科學家可以透過收集不斷收集,不同的「個別事件」,歸納到一些「科學通則」。換句話說,科學家可以連繫起「現象」和「自然規律」。由「現象」走到「規律」,叫做「科學法度」,即是科學研究之方法;由「規律」走到「現象」,叫做「科學解釋」和「科學預測」,即是科學研究成果之應用。)

無錯。如何由「現象」走到「規律」,是整個話題的核心所在。剛才沒有提及這一點,其實是犯了「偷換話題」的毛病。

根據我的講法,「原因」無論是在廣義、中義,還是狹義,都有「先決條件」的意思。剛才你的案例中,可以把「原因」講到不是「先決條件」,正正是因為不自覺地,偷換了話題:

例如,禮堂甲火警的原因是,有一位講者亂拋煙蒂(煙頭)。而那個還未熄滅的煙蒂,剛跌落一堆舊報紙之中。

在這個案例中,「亂拋煙蒂」既不是「禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」,因為還有其他情況,例如電線短路,可以導致「禮堂甲火警」;亦不是「充份條件」,因為如果沒有那堆舊報紙的「配合」,「亂拋煙蒂」就不會引起火災。

原本想討論的是,「『亂拋煙蒂』是否『今次禮堂甲火警』的原因?」但是,話題突然間轉換成,「『亂拋煙蒂』是否『禮堂甲火警』的原因?」

— Me@2012.10.16

2012.10.16 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

原因 2.2

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

我覺得我對「原因」意思的講法,比李生的講法好一點,假設你沒有錯誤轉述他的意思。他講法的問題在於「任大任小」—— 範圍既不是小到,講單一特定事件(今次禮堂火警),亦不是大到,講一般事件(有關火災的自然規律、科學通則)。

如果小到講單一特定事件,「亂拋煙蒂」是「今次禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」。如果大到講一般事件,「亂拋煙蒂」不是「火警」的「先決條件」。如果範圍在兩者之間,但又沒有講明在兩者之間的哪裡,那「『亂拋煙蒂』是不是『先決條件』?」就沒有所謂「答案」。如果範圍在兩者之間,而你又已經釐清問題的話,答案就會顯而易見:

「亂拋煙蒂」是「今次禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」。

「亂拋煙蒂」不是「禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」。

「亂拋煙蒂」不是「火警」的「先決條件」。

— Me@2012.10.14

2012.10.15 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

原因 2.1

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:以前我們討論過,「原因」這個詞,有三種可能意思。廣義是指「先決條件之一」。狹義是指「最主要的先決條件」。然後,還有一個不廣不狹,你戲稱為「中義」的用法,是指「充份條件」,即是「所有先決條件」。

最近,我重新再聽李生的《心通識六講》。當中,李生說「原因」在日常生活中,還可能有其他用法 —— 既不是指「先決條件」,亦不是指「充份條件」。

例如,禮堂甲火警的原因是,有一位講者亂拋煙蒂(煙頭)。而那個還未熄滅的煙蒂,剛跌落一堆舊報紙之中。

在這個案例中,「亂拋煙蒂」既不是「禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」,因為還有其他情況,例如電線短路,可以導致「禮堂甲火警」;亦不是「充份條件」,因為如果沒有那堆舊報紙的「配合」,「亂拋煙蒂」就不會引起火災。

你的講法和李生的講法的分歧在於,你是講某一件特定事件,而李生講的,是一般事件。)

無錯。我所講的,是個別事件;而李生講的,非個別事件。「亂拋煙蒂」是「今次禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」,但不是「禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」。

如果警方要追究,他們會調查個別事件,即是「今次禮堂甲火警」的「先決條件」是什麼。換句話說,那個亂拋煙蒂的講者,將會被起訴。但是,如果消防要建議學校,如何防範再發生「禮堂甲火警」,研究這一次個別事件的先決條件,並不足夠。消防和學校,還要「搜羅」所有會引起「禮堂甲火警」的因素,逐一「刪除」。

— Me@2012.10.14

2012.10.14 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Muscles work

Why does holding something up cost energy while no work is being done?

This is about how your muscles work — the’re an ensemble of small elements that, triggered by a signal from nerves, use chemical energy to go from less energetical long state to more energetical short one. Yet, this obviously is not permanent and there is spontaneous come back, that must be compensated by another trigger. This way there are numerous streches and releases that in sum gives small oscillations that create macroscopic work on the weight.

— This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

— Physics Stack Exchange

— answered Dec 16 ’10 at 11:52

— mbq

2012.10.12 Friday ACHK