Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity

Since a general wave (or wavelike phenomenon) need not embody the causal flow of any physical effects, there is obviously there is no upper limit on the possible phase velocity of a wave. However, even for a “genuine” physical wave, i.e., a chain of sequentially dependent events, the phase velocity does not necessarily correspond to the speed at which energy or information is propagating. This is partly a semantical issue, because in order to actually convey information, a signal cannot be a simple periodic wave, so we must consider non-periodic signals, making the notion of “phase” somewhat ambiguous. If the wave profile never exactly repeats itself, then arguably the “period” of the signal must be the entire signal. On this basis we might say that the velocity of the signal is unambiguously equal to the “phase velocity”, but in this context the phase velocity could only be defined as the speed of the leading (or trailing) edge of the overall signal.

— Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity

— mathpages

2013.07.02 Tuesday ACHK

Multinomial coefficient 2.2

二項式係數 4.2 | Binomial coefficient 4.2

這段改編自 2010 年 7 月 20 日的對話。

假設有 10 個友人,要乘坐計程車去郊遊。總共有兩輛計程車。第一輛車的載客量是 4 人,而第二輛的載客量是 6 人。換而言之,那 10 人要分成兩組乘車。那樣,總共有多少個分配方法呢?

答案明顯是 10C4,即是「10 選 4」,等於 210。結論是,總共有 210 個可能的分配方法。

結論同樣是,如果第一輛車載 4 名乘客,而第二輛車載 6 名,總共就有 210 個,可能的分配乘客方法。

(CYW:但是,我覺得應該不止有 210 個可能性,因為抽某 4 個人出來時,本身有很多個抽法。假設「甲、乙、丙、丁」四人被抽中,去乘坐第一輛車,「先抽甲出來」和「先抽乙出來」,就已經是兩個不同的可能性。我不太明白,為什麼毋須考慮這一點?)

因為題目並沒有問這一點;那並不是題目所問的問題。那是答非所問也。如果我把你的問題轉一轉化,那就會清晰一些:

但是,我覺得應該不止有 210 個可能性,因為抽某 4 個人出來後,例如「甲、乙、兩、丁」四人,他們去乘坐第一輛車時,將會有很多種編配座位的方法。所以,我覺得「甲、乙、兩、丁」並不應視為「一個」可能性。

記住,是否視之為「一個」可能性,並不是跟你的感覺行事。一切要按題目的指示去定義。例如,在這一題中,題目問的是「分法」,而不是「抽法」,或者「坐法」。

題目重視的是,10 人之中,分配 4 人去乘第一輛車,有多少個方法。題目並不介意,某 4 人被抽出來時的先後次序,或者在上第一輛車時,有多少個選位方法。

(CYW:用你這個講法,我好像明白多了一點。但是,如果沿用我剛才的問法,我又確實感覺到,應該考慮「抽哪 4 個人去第一輛車」的不同次序。我暫時還未有信心,可以在考試時準確分辨,哪些時候需要考慮「次序」,哪些時候不需要。)

— Me@2013.07.01

2013.07.02 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Fluctuation-dissipation Theorem, 2

The second-order correlations and linear responses of various physical systems have a fundamental relation, formulated as fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

— Professor Renbao Liu

While the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides a general relation between the response of equilibrium systems to small external perturbations and their spontaneous fluctuations, no general relation is known for systems out of equilibrium.

— Wikipedia on Fluctuation-dissipation theorem

2013.07.01 Monday ACHK

時空膠紙 1.1

尋找下一步 1.4 | Meaningful 11.4

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

在個人無盡問題之中,金錢困難是典型的一個。所以,單單是賺錢本身,就已經是一個上佳的「長久娛樂」,雖然未至於是「無限旅程」。

而且,金錢還有一個驚奇有趣的特性。金錢是因果網絡的人工連接線,簡稱「時空膠紙」。明明原本沒有瓜葛的兩團因果網絡,如果可以用金錢連接,兩者就可以變成帶一點關係。

例如,你剛才埋怨:

我現在的那份工作,內容沒有什麼意義;好像在不斷大規模地,浪費著自己的生命似的。

意思是,你現時職位的工作內容,對人對己都沒有什麼大用,可有可無。你的工作對改善世界的影響力十分有限,甚至有時是負數。換句話說,你的「工作內部」和你的「理想生活」這兩個因果網絡,貌似互不相干。

但是,那不會是實情,因為,雖然你工作的性質無聊,但是它會為你帶來收入。透過你工作所賺來的金錢,你既可以提升自己的生活質素,又可以幫助別人,改善地球。換而言之,你的「工作內部」和你的「理想生活」這兩個因果網絡,因為「金錢」這種「時空膠紙」,人工地連接起來。

所以,理論上,你心中的「機會成本評價系統」,應該會為了賺錢,令你有心機、提起勁,去從事你日常的工作事務。

記住,「金錢」可以連接起「現實」和「理想」,有時。即使你的「現實」和「理想」,沒有自然直接的因果關係,在部分情況下,你仍可以透過「金錢」,人工搭建。

— Me@2013.06.30

2013.06.30 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Conscious time

Cumulative concept of time, 15

In 1895, in his novel, The Time Machine, H.G. Wells wrote, “There is no difference between time and any of the three dimensions of space except that our consciousness moves along it.”

— Wikipedia on Spacetime

Consciousness “moves” from the past to the future because consciousness is a kind of reflection.

To be conscious, one has to access its own states. But only the past states are available. Accessing one’s own now-here state is logically impossible, because that creates a metadox (paradox).

— Me@2013-06-26 02:28:51 PM

We can remember the past but not the future because the past is part of the future; the whole contains its parts, but not vice versa.

— Me@2011.08.21

2013.06.29 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Multinomial coefficient 2.1

二項式係數 4.1 | Binomial coefficient 4.1

這段改編自 2010 年 7 月 20 日的對話。

假設有 10 個友人,要乘坐計程車去郊遊。總共有兩輛計程車。第一輛車的載客量是 4 人,而第二輛的載客量是 6 人。換而言之,那 10 人要分成兩組乘車。那樣,總共有多少個分配方法呢?

你只要用二項式係數(binomial coefficient),就可以立刻知道答案。題目所問的,就相當於

如果要從那 10 人之中,抽 4 個出來(去乘坐第一輛車),總共有多少種抽法?

答案明顯是 10_C_4,即是「10 選 4」,等於 210。結論是,總共有 210 個可能的分配方法。

10_C_4 =

(10!)
——–
(4!)(6!)

另一個看法是,你直接把這題看成「分組問題」,用「多項式係數」(multinomial coefficient)去運算。

總共有 10 個人,所以分子是 (10!):

(10!)
——–
(__)

總共有兩組,所以分母有兩個因子:

(10!)
——–
(_)(_)

第一組有 4 個人,所以第一個因子是 (4!):

(10!)
——–
(4!)(_)

第二組有 6 個人,所以第二個因子是 (6!):

(10!)
——–
(4!)(6!)

結論同樣是,如果第一輛車載 4 名乘客,而第二輛車載 6 名,總共就有 210 個,可能的分配乘客方法。

(CYW:但是,我覺得應該不止有 210 個可能性,因為抽某 4 個人出來時,本身有很多個抽法。假設「甲、乙、丙、丁」四人被抽中,去乘坐第一輛車,「先抽甲出來」和「先抽乙出來」,就已經是兩個不同的可能性。我不太明白,為什麼毋須考慮這一點?)

— Me@2013.06.29

2013.06.29 Saturday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Fluctuation-dissipation Theorem

[The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a] fundamental result in statistical physics which links microscopic (thermal) fluctuations with the macroscopic property that creates a drag force on a particle in a medium.

— by Zap

— Thu May 09 2002 at 16:48:10

— Everything2

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of non-equilibrium thermodynamical systems. These systems involve the irreversible dissipation of energy into heat from their reversible thermal fluctuations at thermodynamic equilibrium.

— Wikipedia on Fluctuation-dissipation Theorem

2013.06.28 Friday ACHK

魔間傳奇 1.3

.

I’m the last survivor of a dead culture. And I don’t really belong in the world anymore. And in some ways I feel I ought to be dead. I have certainly wished I had killed myself when I was born.

In terms of effect on the world, it’s very good that I’ve lived. And so I guess, if I could go back in time and prevent my birth, I wouldn’t do it. But I sure wish I hadn’t had so much pain.

– Richard Stallman, inventor of the Copyleft

.

.

.

2010.06.26 Saturday ACHK

尋找下一步 1.3

Meaningful 11.3

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

微觀一點,你可以集中解決,你自己的個人問題。人生本來就是,問題無窮,煩惱無盡。那就保證了,「解決問題」這個旅程,一定是沒完沒了,一直可以玩下去。

那亦是為什麼孟夫子會說,生於憂患,死於安樂。

「憂患」即是「很多問題」。你可以透過解決,或都躍過那些問題,衍生出很多「下一步」,從而感受到人生的「意義」。你的人生道路,是一個「無限旅程」,因為有無限個「下一步」;那就為之「生路」。

記住,「有意義」的同近義詞有

~ 不斷地有下一步

~ 有用處

~ 有價值

「安樂」即是「太少問題」。在過份「安樂」的處境,你可以透過化解問題,來創造出來的「下一步」數目,非常有限。你自然會體會到人生的「空虛」。你的人生道路,是一個「有盡旅途」,又名「窮途末路」,因為只有有限個「下一步」;那就為之「死路」。

每個人的腦海中,都有一個「機會成本評價系統」,會自動刪除沒有「用處」的東西。當你的潛意識偵察到,你的生活並不是「不斷地有下一步」時,自然會標籤你自己為「沒有用」,企圖把他「刪除」。「刪除」自己的方法五花八門,洋洋大觀,包括「多病多痛」、「昏昏欲睡」和「精神恍惚」等。那些都是令你虛度光陰的有效方法。

— Me@2013.06.26

2013.06.27 Thursday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Past and Future

The past cannot be changed” is a tautology, because “cannot be changed” is included in the meaning of the word “past“.

Similarly, “the future is not fixed” is also a tautology.   

Anything you cannot change is within your past.

Anything you can change is within your future.

— Me@2013-06-23 3:40 PM

— Me@2013-06-26 10:40 AM

2013.06.26 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

似水流年 2

隨時間走過 你變了幾多?

– 李克勤 白紙鶴

1994-1997 理科學生
1997-1999 數學學生
1999-2002 工程學生
2002-2004 工程研究生

2005-2008 數學老師
2008-2010 物理學生
2010-2013 小作家
2013-

— Me@2008.09.07

— Me@2013.06.26

2013.06.26 Wednesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

時間止血 1.6

止蝕 3.6 | 活在當下 4.6

這段改編自 2010 年 7 月 20 日的對話。

又例如,我年青時往往會因為.浪費了時間而內疚。後來我發現,人其實有「浪費時間」的心理需要。

我不容許自己浪費時間,往往導致我浪費過多的時間。當我的思考顯意識,企圖毫無保留地,迫自己百分百「善用時間」時,我的身體潛意識,就會不留餘地地,浪費人類所能達到,最多的時間。 

記住,陽之極為陰,陰之極為陽;物極必反,過猶不及。

「浪費時間」是天賦人權,不單毋須自責,而且要主動捍衞。重要的是,適可而止,不要過量;要把「浪費時間」這一隻「小魔怪」,放一個可控制的範圍以內,妥善照顧,恰當利用。

再記住,單車(自行車)並不能真的「行直線」。單車在「行直線」時,並不是真的「不會偏左偏右」,而是「每逢偏左時,就立刻偏右;每逢偏右時,就立刻偏左」。結果,錯覺上,單車貌似可以「行直線」。

如果你在編時間表時,預早安排了一些,用來「浪費時間」的空格,那樣,「浪費時間」這活動,就自然受到控制。

留意,我這裡所指的「浪費時間」,並不是指「娛樂」或者「遊玩」,而是指真的不知在做什麼;漫無目的地,存在於這個宇宙之中。那是名符其實、貨真價實的「浪費時間」,又名「百無聊賴」、「不務正業」和「無所事事」等。

— Me@2013.06.25

2013.06.25 Tuesday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Oceanographers

In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the software field — you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people in your own company.

The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good care of it.

Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. Nowadays scientists in many fields don’t publish enough in their papers to enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is usually secret.

— Why Software Should Be Free[1]

— Richard Stallman

[1] Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer. — Richard Stallman

2013.06.25 Tuesday ACHK

尋找下一步 1.2

Meaningful 11.2

這段改編自 2010 年 4 月 3 日的對話。

(安:除了「時刻檢查訊息」外,人類很多其他奇怪的表現,例如「過量購物」,都可以講成,因為想「尋找下一步」。

購買一件新物件,好像可以為生活,帶來一點點新改變、新衝擊。但是這個「減少空虛感」的功效,又真的只有「一點點」。這些滿足感很快會過,自己又會打回原形。

我又未至於「沉迷購物」的地步。但是,我有時都會不自覺地,買了一些沒有需要的東西。

回想起來,我又真的感受到,人生不知如何發展下去。我都希望盡快找到,生活的出路,真正的下一步。)

「沉迷」就即是「不能自拔」;意思是,寧願跳進一個虛假的,有限大的因果網絡,都不願意去面對現實的,無限大的人生故事。

只要自己的人生,有至少一個「無限旅程」,你就「不斷地有下一步」,簡稱「不斷有進步」。你自然會感受到「人生的意義」,因為「意義」即是「下一步」。

「無限旅程」的例子有「科學研究」、「科技發明」和「疑難排解」。

宏觀一點,你可以研究科學,或者發明科技。

微觀一點,你可以集中解決,你自己的個人問題。人生本來就是,問題無窮,煩惱無盡。那就保證了,「解決問題」這個旅程,一定是沒完沒了,一直可以玩下去。

— Me@2013.06.24

2013.06.24 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Creator

Assume that your existence is a property of X. Then in order to create you or annihilate you, X has to change the corresponding property.

For example, “having beard” is a property of me. In order to destroy that beard, I have to be willing to change my property of “having beard” to “having no beard“.

— Me@2013-06-11 2:30 AM

2013.06.24 Monday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK

Consciousness 3

Copy Me, 4

Being conscious is being able to form memories.

forming memories

~ forming an identity

~ forming a causal chain of thoughts

To form memories, one needs to access and then store its own states.

But due to metadox (paradox), no one, or no single part of the brain, can access its own now-here state directly.

That is why different parts of the brain have to communicate and coordinate in order to be conscious.

— Me@2013-05-30 1:47 PM

2013.06.23 Sunday (c) All rights reserved by ACHK